Aborigines in Australia Essays - 2829 Words

Aborigines in Australia Foreword: The aborigines in Australia have been the subject of controversy and attention towards the end of the 20th century because of their maltreatment in the hands of their British colonizers and continued persecution in a land they rightfully own. Their rich culture, which dates back to the Ice and Stone Age, is near extinction because of the oppression they suffered through time. In spite of the odds, however, the remaining children of this near extinct but proud race are fighting valiantly to survive and preserve their proof of existence in a world dominated by educated and civilized people. This essay analyzes the plight of this minority group in three†¦show more content†¦Comprising of some 500 tribes, their culture are linked by totemism, or affinity to an animal, plant or cosmical phenomena, with several tribes belonging to one totem but may have varied languages (Reidlinger, 1996). Hence, social order and relations were based on the specific social rules and laws of the totem in which they belong. In terms of religion, the Aborigines believed that all forms of life came from Creation Ancestors, referring to both animal and human kind, and that their spirits linger and dwell on mountains, rocks, and whoever disrespects the land will be turned to rock. Thus, they place reverence on the land because any damages made on it endangers the living and the sacred spirits occupying it. This fact also explains their dependence on what nature can provide rather than disrupting the natural course of nature. There were about 750,000 aborigines living in harmony until the arrival of Captain Philip in 1788 in Australia on instructions of King George III, along with some 700 prisoners. Their destination was Botany Bay, the identified site for the new convict colony of Great Britain as replacement for the American colony site they maintained when America was still under Britain. While the fleet was ordered by their government to maintain civility and conciliatory measures with natives, if ever thereShow MoreRelatedMarcia Langtons Study of the Aborigines of Australia2049 Words   |  9 Pagesan anthropologist from Australia of Australian Aborigines descent, spoke at the Berndt’s lecture in 2011. Her article, Anthropology, Politics and the Changing World of Aboriginal Australians, focuses primarily on the works of an anthropologist couple Robert and Catherine Berndt. They had completed many ethnographic studies in various areas around Australia. Langton states that their work has be en crucial in order to have a complete understanding of the Australian Aborigines’ society. The indigenousRead More No Sugar by Jack Davis: Exposes the Mistreatment of Australian Aborigines During the 1930s1372 Words   |  6 PagesToday, in the 20th Century, it is a commonly known fact in Australia, and throughout the rest of the world, that Aborigines were mistreated from since western culture first settled, and for many years after that. It is the main purpose of stage dramas to bring issues, such as the one mentioned above, and ideas about these issues to life through dramatic performances and the use of a number of various techniques. No Sugar, a revisionist text written by Jack Davis in 1985, is one of these stage dramasRead More Aboriginal History and Culture Essay716 Words   |  3 PagesAboriginal History and Culture Aborigines are believed to have lived in Australia for between 60,000 and 40,000 years, their early ancestors coming from South-East Asia. Precise population details for the period before European colonisation are unavailable, but it is estimated that there were between 300,000 and 1,000,000 Aborigines in Australia when European settlers first arrived in 1788. These natives formed approximately 500 tribes, each associated with its own language and stretch ofRead MoreThe Australian Aboriginals are the Native People of Australia745 Words   |  3 PagesAustralian past? The Australian Aboriginals are natives of Australia and have lived there for many years. The Aborigine people have roamed Australia, the free-flowing land, for years, developing many customs and aspects to an interesting culture: language, body painting, beliefs, laws, music, hunting and art. The Australian Aboriginals are the native people of Australia. They roamed the land for 40,000 years. The Indigenous Aborigines lived as nomads, hunter-gatherers, and â€Å"with a strong dependenceRead MoreThe Aborigines Protection Amending Act of 1915748 Words   |  3 PagesThe Aborigines Protection Amending Act of 1915 B) Argue against the Protection Act I have chosen to argue question B, because I am against The Protection Act. The protection act was passed in 1897, where the chief protector, who was in charges and their guarding, he was allowed to remove children from their families. In 1971 the Aboriginal Protection Act stopped. The act gave the power to remove any child without any court order nor parental consent. The act provided full control, and thereforeRead MoreThe Culture Of Aboriginal Australians1561 Words   |  7 PagesAboriginal Australians In Australia before the late eighteenth century, the native Aboriginal people’s unique culture flourished, fostering a great sense of pride within its inhabitants. The Aborigines were able to familiarize themselves with their geographical surroundings, which in turn helped them to obtain food, while simultaneously upholding their many traditional spiritual and ancestral beliefs. Many native songs, dances, and collections of art were referenced by the Aborigines in their â€Å"Dreamtime†Read MoreThe Aborigines Used Red Ochre For The Rock Carvingsxvi1321 Words   |  6 PagesThe Aborigines used a variety of art to share stories including rock carvings, body painting and ground designs which date back to more than 30,000 years ago. The Aborigines used red ochre for the rock carvingsxvi. A special place where you can see Aboriginal rock carvings is Dampier Archipelago in Western Australia where the rock carvings are thought to number in the millions. There are three main types of Aboriginal art. The first being engraved geometric figures. The second being silhouettes ofRead MoreEssay about Divine Wind - Racism546 Words   |  3 PagesDivine Wind describes an Australia that is tarnished by racism, hatred and distrust, and yet the novel ends on an optimistic note. Do you agree? The novel is set during a World War. The tension and separation of races during a war seemed evident in Australia. As a multicultural country including Japanese and Aborigine population, conflicting attitudes towards these races had to be imminent. I entirely agree with the above statement due to the unequal treatment of the aborigines, tension between theRead MoreThe Australian Invasion895 Words   |  4 PagesThe European invasion of Australia in 1780 impacted upon the lives of all the Aboriginal people that lived in and around the invaded areas. When Captain Cook landed in Australia, he declared it as Terra Nullius, and this alone gives a significant insight as to the mentality of the British and their willingness to acknowledge the Aboriginal people and the importance that the land played in their daily lives. As the invaders brought with them their laws, ideals, diseases, livestock and people, theRead MoreNatural History Of Quigley Down Under1110 Words   |  5 Pagesand anima l side of this definition, this film tells of a human civilization: the Aborigines. Quigley Down Under demonstrates Frontier ethic and the detrimental effects it has on not only animals but also people. Quigley Down Under is a 1990 Western film that was directed by Simon Wincer and produced by Stanley O’Toole. The film opens with the marksman and cowboy Matthew Quigley (Tom Selleck) arriving in western Australia after seeing a newspaper advertisement looking for a proficient long distance shooter

Nothing Gold Can Stay By Robert Frost And The Powwow At...

The poems that have chosen to be analyzed are â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay† by Robert Frost and â€Å"The Powwow at the End of the World† by Sherman Alexie. Both of these poems have a common theme that has to do with nature. Although the poems come from authors of two different backgrounds, one is a white American and the other is a Native American. The poems each use legends or myth to get a specific point across. These poems are great examples of myth/legend use to drive its authors point across, such as â€Å"Nature’s first green is gold,† a reflection of youth. â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay† is a poem by Robert Frost; it is a beautifully written poem that uses nature as a medium to discuss the importance of youth or childhood. He uses his word specifically to create a definite meaning behind his word. The beginning of his poem starts with, â€Å"Nature’s first green is gold, her hardest hue to hold.†; he uses the myth of gold being th e purest and most precious metal, to show that nature’s first stage is precious as well. However, these words have more than just their literal meaning, as Frost also alludes to youth. This quote from the poem could be taken as: childhood is the best and purest part of life, but it is life’s shortest part. Gold is symbolized here as the purity of childhood and how precious it is. This entire sentence is an impressive piece of writing, but the part that really makes it stand out is â€Å"her hardest hue to hold†. The last part of the quote says nature’s first green is the

Self and Community Exploring the Anatomy of the Modern Society

Question: Discuss about theSelf and Communityfor Exploring the Anatomy of the Modern Society. Answer: Individual Dignity Affected by the Hospital Services The present research study is an Op-Ed that is an Opinion Editorial report. This study mainly focuses on analysing the principle of the human dignity and common good principle of the nursing profession. In this particular study, the principles related to the dignity of human and the common good has been mentioned and discussed for providing a better knowledge on the issue study that follows. Along with these principles of human dignity and the common good, the study also mentions about the practice of the deontological perspective instead of the utilitarian perspective for the purpose of the nursing practise. The Principle of Human Dignity: The dignity of the human being has been insisted by the Catholic Church as the dignity of any human being is rooted and is confined within their own creation of the image or fondness or believes or likeness of god. As mentioned by Schachter (2013), the foundation of the all the social teachings of the Catholic Church is the belief of the human being in the inherent dignity. The principle of the human dignity has its grounds within the belief and the idea that each and every person is made within the image of god. The Principle of Common Good: The ways how a society of human is organized as per the economically, legally and politically is proportioned directly to affects the human dignity within the community. There is an dimension for the commitment of any individual for loving their neighbour however, it requires a broader commitment of society. It implies that every individual ha their own responsibility towards the whole society for the common good (Donnelly 2013). Human Dignity Effected: In the present research study, the chosen profession is the profession of Doctor and the services of the hospital. This study shows the ways how the doctors and the hospital services treat the patients dignity and privacy. Very high standard of code of professional conduct is the basic requirement of a good doctor- patient relationship. This requires of the doctor and the patient both to be courteous, honest to each other and compassionate. The doctor requires treating each of the patients as individual and disclosing one patients privacy and confidential matters to others. As mentioned by Banerjee and Sanyal (2012), the doctor needs to follow the protecting the patients privacy and confidentiality and disclose it only when it is demanded by the considerations of the public interests. The patients under any doctor or any hospital have the right to expect that their information regarding the genetics and other non disclosing informations to be held with the party with utmost security and confidentiality. The issues arise in these cases when the privacy regarding the patients is not maintained by the doctors or the hospital services. In the case of the hospital services an issues have been raised according to Broom et al. (2014) that lack of privacy in the hospitals have emerged as one of the central factors that have been leading towards the loss of dignity of the patients at hospitals. Examples: As an example for the hospital services not maintaining the proper security and privacy services and the dignity of the patient could be taken of NHS Hospital of England. This hospital of England does not provide its patients and the patients party with the caring environment that would support the patient privacy and the confidentiality. The patients of the hospital have been found to dislike the hospital staffs and the wards that do not allow privacy. The small spaces between the beds and the close proximity have leads to the loss of dignity of the patients (Lloyd et al. 2014). The second example could be taken of the Florence Nightingale Hospital of UK. The wards of this hospital are the traditional kinds of wards that consist of one long bed with beds on the both of the sides of the wards. Such kind of wards in the modern are a substance of low dignity for the patients that would not provide them with enough privacy an confidential space and lead to loss of dignity of the patients (Donnelly 2013). Conclusion: The hospitals as such require taking steps for the maintaining of the hospital services well for the protection of the customers privacy and dignity. The hospitals must also promote the maintaining of the privacy and the confidential statements and informations of the patients. This would help in the building up and the maintaining of the patients dignity in the hospital (Lloyd et al. 2014). References: Banerjee, A. and Sanyal, D., 2012. Dynamics of doctor-patient relationship: A cross-sectional study on concordance, trust, and patient enablement.Journal of Family and Community Medicine,19(1), p.12. Broom, A., Kirby, E., Good, P., Wootton, J., Yates, P. and Hardy, J., 2014. Negotiating Futility, Managing Emotions Nursing the Transition to Palliative Care.Qualitative health research, p.1049732314553123. Donnelly, J., 2013.Universal human rights in theory and practice. Cornell University Press. Lloyd, L., Calnan, M., Cameron, A., Seymour, J. and Smith, R., 2014. Identity in the fourth age: perseverance, adaptation and maintaining dig1nity.Ageing and Society,34(01), pp.1-19. Schachter, O., 2013. Human dignity as a normative concept.The American Journal of International Law,77(4), pp.848-854.

Majority Of College Students Recommend Talking To Professors Before Attending

College tour season is just around the corner, and knows both parents and high school juniors must have a lot of questions. While university-run campus tours can be helpful, we have found that the majority of students think speaking to professors at their perspective colleges is a far more valuable experience. See why these successful college students highly recommend taking the time to schedule appointments with professors on your college tour! EmmaKS9118(Miami University - Oxford 19):When you make campus visits, send emails a few weeks ahead of time to the heads of your future majors departments and introduce yourself. Ask for a meeting with them or another member of their department on the day of your visit. Get to know the professors you may be taking classes from and ask questions to get a better feel for what makes their program special, unique, successful, et cetera. For example, ask about class sizes, the angle the program takes on the subject, whether there are special internships or other enrichment opportunities, where recent alumni have gotten jobs or attended grad school. A lot of this information can be found online, sure, but its so much more valuable to hear the details from the professors directly.BeleBull:I am interested in a very technical field, yet I am attending a liberal arts college. I had a ton of questions about how a Bachelor of Arts would look in my field, so I emailed a bunch of professors, inqui ring about how their program prepared students for the working world. Professors are usually really nice about answering your questions and they will often refer you to other people if they dont know the answer. spacelover17(Princeton 19):When I visited Princeton, I arranged an appointment with one of the professors there (I actually met with the department head, Dr. Bahcall) and after a wonderful conversation with her in which I learned a lot about the program, she told me to tell her when I applied and shed mention our conversation. Of course, getting a recommendation like that doesnt always happen, but meeting a professor in the department can really provide a lot of insights to the program at the university that brochures and websites cant give you. epasquale(Duke 19):Before I visited certain universities, I found certain programs I was interested in and sent the professors an email with specific questions I had, asking them about potentially observing or participating in their class. For example, before I visited Duke I emailed the dance department asking about their program and set up a time to meet with a professor to ask specific questions and arranged taking a class. I also emailed professors about sitting in on a psychology lecture during my visit to get a feel for what a science lecture is like at Duke. cjjo96:I met with a professor in my prospective majors department before I applied to Barnard. She was awesome and gave me lots of really interesting and useful information. I dont know whether that meeting had any impact on my actual application, but it definitely helped me choose to apply ED to Barnard. I think that reaching out to professors is primarily beneficial in helping you learn more about the school. I am sure the admissions office likes to see an email from a professor saying that youre fabulous, but I doubt itll make or break you. If you want to know more about departments or just dynamics between student and professor though, its a great idea to reach out! Whether you’re just starting your search or you’re looking for help applying, it’s never too early to make the college application process easier.Searchto find students like you orcontact a mentorfor help with the admissions process so you can narrow down your choices and get a head start.

Gender and Multiple Intelligences free essay sample

ISBN: 972-8924-16-X Â © 2006 IADIS THE EFFECTS OF GENDER AND MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES IN LEARNING WITH DIGITAL MUSEUM Peng-heng Tsai Department of Industrial Technology Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University. No. 41, Longsing St. , Cianjhen District, Kaohsiung City 806, Taiwan (R. O. C. ) Tien-Yu Huang Department of Computer Science, National Pingtung University of Education. No. 4-18, Minsheng Rd. , Pingtung City, Pingtung County 900, Taiwan (R. O. C. ) Hsungrow Chen Department of Mathematics Education, National Pingtung University of Education. No. 4-18, Minsheng Rd. , Pingtung City, Pingtung County 900, Taiwan (R. O. C. ) ABSTRACT The construction of an information structure such as a digital museum was seen as another powerful way for students to gain better understanding of existing web directories. This study first let students to search information and find the accurate answer then completed the learning guides in each fields of knowledge of Lanyu Digital Museum (LDM). And then, students should choose one theme to create their own briefing and use the LDM as their information resource. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender and Multiple Intelligences or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Finally, they used Microsoft Office Power Point program to create their briefing and present to their classmates. The results are as follows: (1) there were significant differences in seeking information of geology, entomology, botany and students’ presentation between sixth-grade females and males in learning with the LDM; (2) the gender can explain and predict 5%, 7%, 7. 2%, 2. 4%, 3% and 5. 9% of the total variance in seeking geology, entomology, botany, amphibious herpetology and students’ briefings and presentation, respectively; (3) the logical-mathematical intelligence of students can explain and predict 9. %, 9. 2%, 11. 5%, 18. 8%, 8. 8% and 6. 9% of the total variance in seeking geology, entomology, botany, amphibious herpetology and students’ briefings and presentation, respectively. KEYWORDS Digital museum, Learning effect, Multiple intelligence. 1. INTRODUCTION The Internet is unlike any other existing informational resource. It is dynamic, interrelat ed, uncontrolled, expanding, and instantaneously accessible. During finding tasks, the students may not know exactly what type of information will be relevant to filling his/her knowledge gap before information seeking begins. Previous research has shown that students rarely employ systematic search strategies and spend little to no time planning their searches (Marchionini, 1995; Moore, 1995). The Lanyu Digital Museum (LDM) was created by Digital Archive Lab (DAL) in National Chi-Nan University was instituted by the department of computer science and information engineering and National Museum of Natural Science (NMNS), Taiwan, R. O. C. The Lanyu Island is a small and isolated island in southeast of Taiwan and located between the Ryukyu Islands and the Philippine Islands. The aborigine is Yami tribe and its population is nearly 3000. As the uniqueness in geographical coordinates, the ecology was balance and self-contained in the island and Yami tribe preserved their own characteristic culture. However, 354 IADIS International Conference e-Society 2006 as a result of the tourist industry and invasive species, the ecology balance was destruct little by little in the Orchid Island. And the Yami culture was gradually disappearing. Hence, this study first let sixth-grade students in five classes (n = 143) at an elementary school in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan to search information and find the accurate answer then completed the learning guides in each topics of LDM. And then, students should choose one theme to create their own briefing and use the LDM as their information resource. Finally, they used Microsoft Office Power Point program to present their briefing in their classroom. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of gender and multiple intelligences in learning with the LDM. Multiple intelligence (MI) theory is framed in light of the biological origins of each problem-solving skill. Only those skills that are universal to the human species are treated. Gardner developed the theory of multiple intelligences at Harvard University. MI theory suggests that the traditional notion of intelligence, based on I. Q. testing, is far too limited. Instead, Dr. Gardner proposes eight different intelligences to account for a broader range of human potential in children and adults (Gardner, 1983; 2000). Those intelligences are: Linguistic intelligence, Logical-mathematical intelligence, Spatial intelligence, Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence, Musical intelligence, Interpersonal intelligence, Intrapersonal intelligence, Naturalist intelligence. The multiple intelligences of students were measured by the Douglas’s Multiple Intelligences Test (Douglas, 2002). . RESULTS 2. 1 Difference in Gender Table 1 shows that females achieved higher means than males in seeking every field of information that the LDM provided. The independent samples t test t values between females and males of seeking tasks of geology, anthropology, entomology, botany and amphibious herpetology and students’ briefings and presentation were 2. 4 51, 1. 698, 2. 974, 3. 085, 1. 487, 1. 82 and 2. 734, respective. There were significant differences at the 0. 05 confidence level in searching geology, entomology, botany and students’ presentation. But there were no significant differences at the 0. 5 confidence level in searching anthropology, amphibious herpetology and students’ artifacts. Table 1. Means, standard deviations, and independent samples t test for gender comparisons Field Gender Mean Std. t Geology F M Anthropology F M Entomology F M 73. 7 59. 35 26. 58 30. 49 2. 974* Botany F M 89 76. 92 18. 58 27. 89 3. 085* Amphibious herpetology F M 75. 94 68. 99 25. 33 29. 87 1. 487 Artifacts F M 87. 47 85. 69 4. 35 6. 85 1. 82 Presentation F M 48. 77 43. 49 11. 71 11. 34 2. 734* 58. 03 45. 79 82. 02 75. 16 27. 67 31. 46 20. 83 27. 39 2. 451* 1. 698 F = females, n = 66; M = males, n = 77; *

An Overview of Operation Allied Force in Kosovo

An Overview of Operation Allied Force in Kosovo In 1998, the long-simmering conflict between the Slobodan MiloÃ… ¡evics Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Kosovo Liberation Army erupted into full-scale fighting. Battling to end Serbian oppression, the KLA also sought independence for Kosovo. On January 15, 1999, Yugoslav forces massacred 45 Kosovar Albanians in the village of Racak. News of the incident sparked global outrage and led NATO to issue an ultimatum to MiloÃ… ¡evics government calling for an end to the fighting and Yugoslavian compliance with the demands of the international community. Operation Allied Force To settle the issue, a peace conference opened at Rambouillet, France with NATO Secretary General Javier Solana serving as a mediator. After weeks of talks, the Rambouillet Accords were signed by the Albanians, United States, and Great Britain. These called for NATO administration of Kosovo as an autonomous province, a force of 30,000 peacekeepers, and free right of passage through Yugoslav territory. These terms were refused by MiloÃ… ¡evic, and the talks quickly broke down. With the failure at Rambouillet, NATO prepared to launch air strikes to force the Yugoslavian government back to the table. Dubbed Operation Allied Force, NATO stated that their military operations were undertaken to achieve: A stop to all military action and repression in KosovoThe withdrawal of all Serbian forces from KosovoAgreement to the presence of an international peacekeeping force in KosovoThe unconditional and safe return of all refugees and unhindered access to them by humanitarian organizationsA credible assurance from MiloÃ… ¡evics government that it was willing to work on the basis of the Rambouillet Accords in creating an acceptable political framework for the future of Kosovo Once it was demonstrated that Yugoslavia was adhering to these terms, NATO stated that their air strikes would cease. Flying from bases in Italy and carriers in the Adriatic Sea, NATO aircraft and cruise missiles began attacking targets on the evening on March 24, 1999. The first strikes were conducted against targets in Belgrade and were flown by aircraft from the Spanish Air Force. Oversight for the operation was delegated to the Commander-in-Chief, Allied Forces Southern Europe, Admiral James O. Ellis, USN. Over the next ten weeks, NATO aircraft flew over 38,000 sorties against Yugoslav forces. While Allied Force began with surgical attacks against high-level and strategic military targets, it was soon expanded to include Yugoslavian forces on the ground in Kosovo. As air strikes continued into April, it became clear that both sides had misjudged their oppositions will to resist. With MiloÃ… ¡evic refusing to comply with NATO demands, planning began for a ground campaign to expel Yugoslav forces from Kosovo. Targeting was also expanded to include dual-use facilities such as bridges, power plants, and telecommunications infrastructure. Early May saw several errors by NATO aircraft including the accidental bombing of a Kosovar Albanian refugee convoy and a strike again the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade. Sources have subsequently indicated that the latter may have been intentional with the goal of eliminating radio equipment being used by the Yugoslav army. As NATO aircraft continued their attacks, MiloÃ… ¡evics forces worsened the refugee crisis in the region by forcing Kosovar Albanians from the province. Ultimately, over 1 million people were displaced from their homes, increasing NATOs resolve and support for its involvement. As the bombs fell, Finnish and Russian negotiators continuously worked to end the conflict. In early June, with NATO preparing for a ground campaign, they were able to convince MiloÃ… ¡evic to give in to the alliances demands. On June 10, 1999, he agreed to NATOs terms, including the presence of a United Nations peacekeeping force in Kosovo. Two days later, Kosovo Force (KFOR), led by Lieutenant General Mike Jackson (British Army), which had been staging for an invasion, crossed the border to return to peace and stability to Kosovo. Aftermath Operation Allied Force cost NATO two soldiers killed (outside of combat) and two aircraft. Yugoslavian forces lost between 130-170 killed in Kosovo, as well as five aircraft and 52 tanks/artillery/vehicles. Following the conflict, NATO agreed to allow the United Nations to supervise the administration of Kosovo and that no independence referendum would be permitted for three years. As a result of his actions during the conflict, Slobodan MiloÃ… ¡evic was indicted for war crimes by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. He was overthrown the following year. On February 17, 2008, after several years of negotiations at the UN, Kosovo controversially declared independence. Operation Allied Force is also notable as the first conflict in which the German Luftwaffe took part since World War II. Selected Sources NATO: Operation Allied ForceGlobal Security: Operation Allied Force

Control Mechanisms Team Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Control Mechanisms Team Paper - Essay Example The main types of control mechanisms used by AIG are administrative control and management control, budgeting an cost control, quality control and auditing. For AIG, control is a multidimensional activity. It is diagnostic and prognostic. It examines past activities and proposes future improvements. It monitors present activities to assess a company's health. It must foresee future barriers and prepare to overcome them. Though realistic and concrete, control must be concerned with hypothetical sales potentials and future goals. It deals with firm yardsticks and standards, yet requires flexibility (Dobson and Starkey 2004). Control helps AIG management to reach goals efficiently with a minimum of error. From knowledge gained through control mechanisms, management is better able to relate resources and programs to goals. Control mechanisms are intertwined with planning. Without a plan there is nothing to control, and without control, marketing plans probably cannot be realized. Inseparable components of management, both use many of the same tools, such as sales forecasts and budgets. The general purpose of control mechanisms is to help achieve internal and external balance.

The Gospels--Mark Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Gospels--Mark - Essay Example Some of the seeds fell on rocky grounds, others on fertile soil, some on the footpath; some fell on bushes and thistles. In this allegory, the sower represents Jesus while the seeds represent good news and the soil represent different type of people who hear the word and their responses to the gospel. The seeds that fell on rocky represent those who hear the word gladly while those that fell on footpath represent people who hear the word but does not safeguard since the devil snatches the word from them. Seeds that fell on good soil represent people who hear the word, believe in it and live according to its teachings. Those that fell on the bushes and thistles represent people who hear the word and they become believers for sometimes, they mix their faith with worries and riches of this world hence their faith never matures because it is interfered with. In Mark chapter 8 verses 27 to 38, he records the confession of Peter at Caesarea Philippi. Jesus asked his disciples, who do people say I am? In this incidence, Peter was able to identify Jesus as the true son of God and the only Messiah. One of the version that explain unpardonable sin states that God formed man from dust of the earth. This was God’s doing, but not man’s, and so due to this earthly sinful condition; man has natural alignment towards sin. Even after being saved or becoming a Christian, one is heavily inclined and influenced by this earthly nature. On the other hand, evangelists assert that those people who have rejected Jesus Christ for the last time have committed unpardonable sin. Jesus woke up, rebuked the wind and the waves on the seas by commanding it to be quiet and still. In this incident, he showed his power over the wind and the waves or nature. On the other hand, disciples were perplexed on what Jesus had done in that they concluded that he was God and Man. During the transfiguration, when Jesus was praying, his face changed, and his

Global Money Transfer (Remittances) Market Report Essay Example for Free

Global Money Transfer (Remittances) Market Report Essay For more details on the content of report and ordering information please visit: http://www.aarkstore.com/reports/Global-Money-Transfer-Remittances-Market-Report-2012-Edition-70275.html Remittances are an important source of income for households, particularly in developing countries. Remittances are gaining importance in the economic planning of all major developing economies of the world. With globalization and growing socio-political activities, more and more people from underdeveloped or developing economies are working outside the countries of their origin. Remittances are being considered as an important financial resource for development as well as a social change by financial planners in developing economies. The worldwide inflow and outflow of remittances is rising constantly since past several years with the exception of 2009, which was characterized by global economic slowdown. The developing nations which include both low-income and middle income countries account for the majority of the global remittance inflow with majority contribution from India, China, Mexico and Philippines, due to their large emigrant population. The largest source of remittance flow to developing regions is high income countries including the US and Western Europe, with the GCC countries fast developing as an important source. The companies operating in the global remittance market are faced with strong competition with few large competitors and numerous small and niche competitors. The leading money transfer organization like Western Union, Money Gram, Euronet, and other independent players compete on the basis of technology, price and quality of service offered to remitters. The report analyzes the global remittances market with focus on India, China, Mexico and Philippines. The key trends observed within the market include exchange rate, fluctuating remittance cost, regional employment or unemployment affecting remittances, number of RSPs and cost variation across India and China and dominance of cash prices over the remittance market. The global remittance market faces several challenges which include the taxes which are imposed by the government on remittances and numerous legal and regulatory hurdles. The major factors which will contribute in the growth of the industry include growing international migration, rising employment rate and global economic growth. By combining SPSS Inc.’s data integration and analysis capabilities with our relevant findings, we have predicted the future growth of the industry. We employed various significant variables that have an impact on this industry and created regression models with SPSS Base to determine the future direction of the industry. Before deploying the regression model, the relationship between several independent or predictor variables and the dependent variable was analyzed using standard SPSS output, including charts, tables and tests.

Classroom Management Action Plan | Example

Classroom Management Action Plan | Example Classroom Management Introduction Classroom management is a term that refers to the techniques and skills that teachers use to keep students organized, focused, on task, orderly, attentive, and academic productive, during class. When teachers implement the classroom management strategies effectively, they minimize the behaviors that obstruct learning for both individual students and group of students while maximizing behaviors that enhance or facilitate learning. A lack of classroom management is also a major factor that makes teachers leave their profession within their first year. I am facing some challenges with the students that I teach. I have developed an appropriate solution and action plan that I would follow to achieve it. I have learnt several things from my research that would help me in my future classroom management. PROBLEM: CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT As a primary school teacher who is on placement, am faced with several issues regarding disorderly and disruptive behavior from my student such as talking, getting up from their chairs to walk to other students desks without permission, disobedience, aggressive behavior and refusal to finish assigned task or school work. My inability to control their behavior them has led to my lack of teaching them properly as required. The first reason for this issue is that this is because of my inexperience since this is my first role with a school setting of dealing with different children. Secondly, it is due to an underprivileged family background that most of the children come from. For example, some of them are from single parent family, other are living in extreme poverty conditions, and some parents are not concerned with their children education. Lastly, this is because of the different student’s ability to grasp information, For example lack of attention. EVALUATION RELATED TO MY SOLUTION To solve the above problems, I have realized that I need to implement a classroom management component. This is because the environment in which the students learn in is very important, and can create a learning atmosphere. Secondly, my behavior towards the students, how I interact and treat them is a concern on how they would act. I would develop a level of dominance in the class, through body language in a different situation, eye contact with the students, for example, when affirming an action to them. In addition, I should develop a positive attitude towards the students in my class, encouraging them to participate in class activities, treating all students fairly and equally. The other important thing is to express my expectations from them. For example, how they should act in class, at the beginning of the lesson I clearly tell them what I expect from them at the end of the lesson. In addition, how they should relate to one another and ultimately make agreements with them on different issues in class that they should do and not do. We agree with them the repercussions when they do not follow the agreements we have set together. I would prepare different learning skills and lessons to be able to incorporate the students interest instead of relying only on my scheme of work. I would also get involved with what the students go through outside the class. This would include learning more about their homes, if they are in need, are they from divided homes, language barriers between them and me, and lastly handle students with special needs carefully. ACTION PLAN Room Arrangement When the students enter the class, they are hit with exciting colors on the walls, with windows lighting reflecting on the different things on the wall, as they walk to their big circle table. They can look at their colleagues as they are facing each other. When they look at the wall they see arts, maps, famous people, and student work all portrayed in different posters that are colorful around the class. No work is in white paint. From my desk that is also in the circle, I will start the lesson. The students will get out their books and colorful pens to note today’s lesson. I believe the classroom set up would have a significant effect on the student and the environment would make them think discuss, and reflect on the lesson. The set up would help me walk around the class and look at what they are doing and their sitting arrangement will make them be able to interact with one another making room for discussions. The student work on the wall will help them feel part of the cl ass. Classroom Rules The best rule I would have will be a class is a place of learning, and we should all respect each other. If I respect them and they respect each other and me, I believe this would create a safe environment for learning. I would allow the students to eat and drink in class as long as they dispose of their waste correctly. However, I will notify them from the beginning that the privilege withdrawal things get out of control. I would create a class constitution if the behavior of the students were inconsistent. I will involve the students in making the rules, and allow them to discuss which ones to be in the constitution. I believe that involving them would make it a must for them to obey, and they will not fight back on the consequences of not obeying. I would make them write the final copy and hang it in class. To add on I would give them a copy to take to their parents to read, sign, and then return to school. This would help make the parents involved in what we are trying to do in c lass. In addition, I will be giving the students a newsletter monthly to take to their parents describing what we are doing in class. I believe involving the parents in their children schoolwork will make them support their children at home with any issue arising. I also want to create an environment whereby there is a good student teacher relationship with my class. This is so because my students are from different backgrounds, and want to create an atmosphere where they feel they are equal to each other by the way I treat them. I do not want to assume their capability in education by the way they look or act. I do not want their background difference to affect communication in class. I believe this is the foundation of most behavioral problems begin. Therefore, I would like to create an environment whereby I accept by students as unique people with different cultures that I can relate, respect, and like them. In addition, be able to communicate and listen to them. I want my student to be able to relate their life experiences in our class exercises, teaching them to appreciate and celebrate cultural differences. I want to have an open forum class meetings whereby we discuss what is working or not for us in class. In addition, then implement t he suggestions and ideas we have discussed. Am interested in finding out what the students are thinking of, and converting the environment to their liking as much as possible. This would make the student feel part and in control of their learning. In the case of a consistent misbehavior, I would ask the student to meet me after class. I would start by praising him on what he is doing well in class and explain to him how his behavior is interfering with the class. In addition, I would advise them on what to do to stop the behavior. In a class if they persist I would isolate them to seat alone at the back, if they persist I would call their parents to come to school and then we discuss the three of us. I believe in involving the parents in disciplining the child but disagreeing with sending the students at home. Class Procedures I want to develop consistency with the procedures I use in class. For example, I will be putting the class program on the blackboard for them to copy when they come to class, use assignments sometimes to engage them in their writing skills. In addition, I will use interactive notebooks for them to do all their homework and class work in them. I would staple loose assignments to the notebooks this would help them when revising for exams. I would them stamp every student book that has done the homework. I would then collect the books after every two weeks to grade them. The stamping is to make the students finish the assignment before the two weeks. The stamping is just a motivation for them to do the homework on time before the grading day. I will assist those who are not understanding with the home and class work. I will also grade their class participation in class. This would make them participate in various class activities. Encouraging all students Bill Rogers has different techniques on classroom management starting with preventing to positive management and ending with consequences. This is a very humane and logical approach to handling students. He gives strategies that teachers can use to work with the students for both of them control how the student’s behavior, instead of a teacher being authoritative, strict, and disciplinarian. Rogers’s first plan shows techniques to use to prevent problems dealing with discipline. Secondly, he distinguishes responsibilities from rights claiming that they need to balance. Under the rights, Rogers’s majors on how the students have a right to learn, feel safe, respected, and handled with dignity. I believe at the beginning of the term students be told their rights and explained to what they should do to have them. It is significant vital for the students to feel emotionally and physically safe for a good learning atmosphere to be established. Teachers should emphasize on how they treat each other, with full of respect and no calling each other names. Still at the establishment stage, he emphasizes on teachers consistent in establishing rules for the class. I agree with the rule because it would create accountability for the student concerned. However, if the problem persists force should be used to correct the child. Establishing attention is a preventive technique. Teachers should not speak over the noise. I agree because there is a particular place in class where I stand and the students keep quiet. Rogers talk about positive correction as a way to view the correction. His emphasis on address what a student should do instead of majoring on the problem. He should just state it and leave to give the student the right to choose to control their behaviors and not doing things just to please the teacher or other students. This has helped because when I find a student out of line, I tell them to stop and walk away, giving the student room to correct the mistake. Rogers’s deals with consequences by assisting the student find a connection between outcome and behavior. He insists that the consequence should be reasonable and related. I agree with the point because it gives the students a chance to decide about their own behavior. This would strengthen the teacher student relationship because the student feel fairly treated per the mistake done. Conclusion I have learnt that classroom management is a key component in any educational setting. I will use it to create a good environment for learning and to make my student feel safe participating. It does not mean punishing the behavior, but it involves setting up the right tone in class, preventing bad behaviors and encouraging a good relationship with the students, while encouraging them to do well and setting high expectations for them. I believe it is possible to create the environment that would limit the behavior problems from the start in my classroom. References Marzano, R. J., Marzano, J. S., Pickering, D. (2003). Classroom management that works research-based strategies for every teacher. Alexandria, Va: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Whitaker, T. (2003). What great principals do differently: fifteen things that matter most. Larchmont, N.Y.: Eye on Education. Canter, L., Canter, M. (2001). Assertive discipline: positive behavior management for todays classroom (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Canter Associates. Abu Nemrah, M. (2006). Classroom Management and Organization. 2nd Edition. Amman: Dar Yafa. Erythromycin Stearate Tablets: Quality Assurance Assessment Erythromycin Stearate Tablets: Quality Assurance Assessment QUALITY ASSURANCE ASSESSMENT OF SOME COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE ERYTHROMYCIN STEARATE TABLETS. Aiwaguore Johnbull Obarisiagbon1*, Oladejo Peter Ogunlowo2 ABSTRACT Erythromycin drug products have been mostly imported into Nigeria from different countries of the world; with relatively no Nigeria based pharmaceutical company manufacturing same. Cases of therapeutic failures have been reported in some of our hospitals. Hence, the need arises to study some of the physicochemical parameters of some of the available drug products in the Nigerian Pharmaceutical Market with a view to detecting drug products that meet the specified pharmacopeia standards and those that fall short of such standards. The parameters measured were the uniformity of weight, friability, tensile strength, disintegration time and dissolution rate of 12 selected erythromycin stearate 500mg film-coated tablets. The tensile strength of the tablets was determined using the static loading method and Mosanto hardness tester to find the crushing strength and their results compared. The 12 samples disintegrated within 30mins with four of them disintegrating within 3mins, suggestive of possible inclusion of superdisintegrants in their formulations. All products, except two had a percentage release of the drug within 90mins of 70% and above. The friability of three of the products exceeded 1%. However, their tensile strengths did not prolong the disintegration time beyond the official limits. The results obtained from the physicochemical testing of the drug products revealed the failure of two products having release rates of less than 70% within 90mins. Further tests need to be done on these two products (namely Rycin ® and Erythromycin 500mg) in order to draw a more definite conclusion. Keyword: Stearic acid, formulation, physicochemical, friability INTRODUCTION Erythromycin stearate is the stearic acid salt of erythromycin, with an excess of stearic acid. It is a white, bitter crystalline powder, which is practically insoluble in water, but soluble in acetone and in methanol. The solutions may be opalescent 1. Erythromycin is available as the free base, ethylsuccinate estolate, gluceptatae and lactobinnate derivatives. When given orally, erythromycin and its derivatives except the estolate are inactivated to some extent by the gastric acid, and poor absorption may result. Erythromycin is a typical representative of the macrolide group of antibiotics and is produced by Streptomyces erythreas The tertiary amine of desosamine confers a basic character to erythromycin (pKa 8.8). Through this group, a number of acid salts of the antibiotic have been prepared. A second sugar, Clandinose, which is unique to erythromycin, is attached via a ÃŽ ²-glycosidic linkage to the C-3 position of the lactone ring. Erythromycin stearate tablets contain the equivalent of not less than 90.0 percent and not more than 120.0 percent of the labeled amount of erythromycin (C37H67NO13).1 Clinically, erythromycin is widely used in the treatment and prevention of diseases. Like penicillin G, it is a broad spectrum antibiotic and it is effective against most gram – negative and gram – positive bacteria compared to other antibiotics. The side effects are relatively low. Current indications for the drug include: respiratory infections and whooping cough. Erythromycin is also known to be active against penicillin resistant Staphylococcus, Chlamydia and mycoplasma. The base and the salt, by being unstable at acid pH, are absorbed in the upper part of the intestine 2. To assure higher blood concentrations, the drug should be administered in the form of coated tablets that dissolve in the duodenum 3. Physiological factors such as the presence of food; and intestinal motility and transit time, may affect the absorption of the drug with a consequent variation in bioavailability. 4,5 Highest serum concentrations of the base or stearate is 0.3 – 0.5  µg/ml, four hours after administration. It rapidly reaches bacteriocidal concentrations in all tissues and body fluids except in the brain. It is usually eliminated in the active form from urine, and bile, but part of the drug is also metabolized by demethylation2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This study was undertaken to analyze and compare some of the physicochemical properties such as disintegration and dissolution of coated erythromycin stearate tablets from twelve different pharmaceutical companies. All the drug products were imported into the Nigerian Pharmaceutical Market from abroad. The study is also to ascertain the extent to which these drug products conform to the standards as specified in the pharmacopoeias. MATERIALS AND METHODS Weight Variation From each product sample, 20 tablets were randomly selected and the weight of each tablet was determined. The mean weight and standard deviation were calculated. Friability Ten previously weighed tablets from each product sample were subjected to cascading and free fall shocks in the drum of a fraibilator set to rotate at 25 rpm for 4 minutes. The tablets were deducted of any adherent particles and reweighed. The difference in tablet weight was determined and the friability calculated as follows: Key W1 = Original weight W2 = Final weight Tensile Strength The crushing strengths of the tablets were determined individually with the aid of the static loading equipment. This was done by placing standard weights (kg) on top of the tablet until it yielded. The total weight was calculated as the maximum load (kg) that caused the tablets to break. This was then converted to Newton. With the vernier caliper, the width (thickness) and diameter of the tablets were measured in millimeter. Triplicate determinations were done for each product sample and the mean recorded. Disintegration Test Six tablets per product sample were subjected to the B.P disintegration test and the mean value of the disintegration time calculated. The disintegration medium (sodium phosphate buffer pH 8) was maintained at a temperature of 37oC  ± 0.5oC. Standard Curve A standard calibration curve was prepared as follows: 250mg (potency) erythromycin stearate was weighed and dissolved in 50ml methanol and sodium phosphate buffer solution, pH 8.0 was added to make exactly 100ml, giving a concentration of 2.5mg/ml. This was diluted serially with the sodium phosphate buffer solution to obtain the following concentrations; 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 µg/ml. The absorbance of the standard solutions were measured at 365nm using the UV spectrophotometer. The test was carried out in triplicate and plots of absorbance versus concentration were obtained as shown in the Figure 3.1. Dissolution rate of samples A stirred beaker method (Okor et al, 2002) was used. A caplet containing 500mg of erythromycin stearate was placed in a stationary cylindrical basket (aperture size 425 µm, diameter 2cm and height 3cm) suspended in 800ml of sodium phosphate buffer pH 8.0 as dissolution medium. The medium was maintained at a temperature 37  ± 0.5oC and stirred at 100rpm with a single blade – Gallenkamp stirrer. This was done with care to exclude air bubbles from the surface of the tablets. At various intervals, a 5ml specimen was withdrawn from a fixed zone, mid-way between the surface of the dissolution medium and the top of the cylindrical basket, not less than 1cm from the vessel wall. Every aliquot withdrawn for analysis was replaced with an equal volume of fresh dissolution medium at the same temperature. The aliquot was diluted 1 in 100 and then filtered through a Whatman No. 1 filter paper. The absorbance of the filtrate was determined at 365nm. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Sample brands of Erythromycin Stearate tablets: The list of different brands of erythromycin stearate 500mg tablets used in this study is shown in Table 3.1. Two brands, Erythrocin-500 (Abbott Laboratories, Pakistan) and Erotab-500 (Hovid) had no NAFDAC Registration Number. These products were probably smuggled into the Nigerian drug market without proper clearance by the authorities concerned, or the registration process was not yet concluded before the drugs were made available in the market for public consumption. All the drug samples had expiry dates with two samples; Icethrocin (India) and Zin Zine (India) having expiry dates of 12/2011. It is also observed that all the 12 samples were imported into Nigeria from abroad, with 8 samples from India. The standard curve obtained is a straight line with the regression coefficient equation of y = 0.014 x + 0.000. (Figure 3.1) TABLE 3.1: LIST OF DIFFERENT BRANDS OF ERYTHROMYCIN STEARATE 500MG TABLETS USED IN THE STUDY S/No BRAND NAME MANUFACTURER B. No. MFG DATE EXP. DATE NAFDAC REQ. No 1. Erythrocin-500 Abbott Laboratories (Pakistan) 96282XV Dec. 12013 2. Erymycin ® Mercury laboratories Lt. Unit II GUJARAT, India. 9158403 March 2009 Feb. 2012 04-8419 3. Enthrox-500 Falma Laboratories (P) Ltd 54A Industrial Area, Bangalore, India. 50 July 2010 April 2013 A4-0915 4. Althrocin-S 500 Alembic Ltd. Plot 21/2 Vadodara 390003, India. 89970084E Jan. 2010 10/2012 043328 5. Erotab-500 Hovid AK11612 12/2012 6. Ice throcin Stallion Laboratories PVT 9293MD1/IDE 12/11 A4-3133 7. Donythrocin-500 Medopharm, 34B, Industrial Area, Malur- 563 130, India. 8E42 May2008 12/2012 043140 8. Zinzine Micro Laboratories Ltd. 92, Siplot, Hosur-635 126, India. ZZTJ 0044 January, 2009 12/2011 04-6174 9. Rycin Erythromycin ® Medreich Limited Bangalore-560 062, India. 690326 December, 2009 05/20 13 04-7570 10. Labcin ® 500 Laborate Pharmaceutical E-1 I hid Area Panipat 132103, India. LNFT-001 June, 2010 July 2012 04-6174 11 Erythromycm 500mg Mekopher Chemical Pharmaceutical Jomt Stock Co Mmli City, Vietnam. 10001 AX December, 2010, 12/06/J 04-75 70 12. Eryfast-500 Erythromycin Medibios Laboratories Pvt. Ltd, J-76, MIDC Tarapur Thane-40 1506, India. MD003 August, 2008 Aug. 20.10 A4-3007 Uniformity of Weight According to the USP 1980; 20 tablets are to be used in the determination, and there is compliance if each of the individual weights is within the limit of 90% and 110% of the average weight. Table 3.3 shows the mean weight of the various samples of Erythromycin stearate tablets Table 3.3: Mean weight of the various samples of erythromycin stearate tablets S/N Brand Name Mean Weight ( ± SD) Remarks 1 Erythrocin-500 1.13  ± 0.02 Passed 2 Erythromycin ® 1.10  ± 0.22 Passed 3. Enthrox-500 0.92  ± 0.01 Passed 4. Althrocin-S500 1.01  ± 02 Passed 5. Erotab-500 0.98  ± 0.01 Passed 6. Icethrocin 0.99  ± 0.01 Passed 7. Donythrocin-500 0.93  ± 0.01 Passed 8 Zin-Zine 1.01  ± 0.01 Passed 9. Rycin  ® 0.91  ± 0.02 Passed 10 Labcin  ® 500 0.88  ± 0.02 Passed 11. Erythromycin 500mg 0.97  ± 0.03 Passed 12. Eryfast 500 0.93  ± 0.01 Passed Friability Test The result of friability test of the various samples of erythromycin stearate (film coated) tablets is as shown in Table 3.4. The friability of a tablet is a measure of interparticualte cohesiveness of the particles and is a function of tablet hardness. A maximum mean weight loss of not more than 1.0% is considered acceptable for most products. From the table, products 1,2 and 7 failed the friability test, with friability values greater than 1.0%. It is expected therefore, that these product samples would break, chip or wear out during handling and transportation experienced in the manufacturing plant, in the drug distribution system and in the field at the hands of the end users (patients/consumers). These effects would result in possible loss in active drugs administered. Table 3.4 : Some of the physicochemical properties of the erythromycin stearate tablets. Tensile strength (MN/m2) S/No Brand Name Friability (%) Static loading method Monsanto hardness tester Disintegration time (mins) 1. Erythrocin-500 1.55 1.917 1.922 5.47 2. Erymycin ® 2.04 2.590 2.594 2.44 3. Enthrox-500 0.82 6.050 6.00 20.46 4. Althrocin-S500 0.25 4.190 4.184 14.40 5. Erotab-500 0.51 6.680 6.670 20.46 6. Icethrocin 0.76 5.370 5.402 20.83 7. Donythrocin-500 1.33 4.590 4.586 1.83 8. Zin Zine 0.25 4.820 4.750 5.46 9. Rycin ® Erythromycin 0.00 2.730 2.750 2.42 10. Labcin ®-500 0.87 6.780 6.802 16.21 11. Erythromycin-500mg 0.26 4.460 4.468 7.11 12. Eryfast-500 Erythromycin 0.27 2.940 2.950 2.81 3.4 Tensile Strength The tensile strength of the product samples are shown in Table 3.4. The results from the two methods used are compared, i.e. the static loading and the Monsanto Hardness Tester methods. Using Student’s t-test, the results showed that the differences were not statistically significant at 95% confidence level. In a previous work on comparison of testers by Brook and Marshall (11), it was affirmed that variations in crushing strength values between instruments are due in part to inaccuracies in instrument scale values, zero errors and varying methods of applying the load. Calibration is therefore necessary for accurate measurement using one instrument or when comparing results from more than one tester. This is the measure of the mechanical integrity of tablets, which is the force required to cause them to fracture (i.e. break) in a specific plane. The hardness did not have significant influence on the disintegration times of the product samples. Disintegration Time Oral uncoated tablets are expected to disintegrate in 15 minutes unless otherwise stated. Sugar and film coated tablets are allowed 30mins to 1hour within which to disintegrate. The 12 product samples of erythromycin stearate were all film coated, and all disintegrated within the official time of one hour. The disintegration time of 4 products namely, samples 2,7,9 and 12 were below 5 minutes. There is the probability that some types of super disintegrants were employed in these formulations. Concentration ( µg/ml) Fig: 3.1 Standard curves for Erythromycin stearate at max 365 nm. Dissolution Test The dissolution rates of the various samples of erythromycin stearate tablets are shown in Table 3.5. This table shows the amount of erythromycin dissolved at times 45 and 90 minutes respectively in percentages. All the product samples except Rycin ® (62.4%) and Erythromycin-500mg (65.50%) had more than 70% of drug released within 90 minutes. The relatively low percentage release of erythromycin from Rycin ® (62.4%) and Erythromycin 500mg (65.5%) would possibly result in poor bioavailability of the products. Erythrocin-500mg (Abott) used as reference standard at 90mins had amount dissolved of 80%. Another product ‘Labcin’ also released 80% of drug after 90mins. Product samples Rycin ® and Erythromycin-500mg were officially cleared into the Nigeria drug market with NAFDAC Reg. No 04-3205 and 04-7570. It is therefore possible that there was a mix-up between the product samples submitted for NAFDAC registration and those currently available in the market for patients’ consumption. It is also possible that the types of excipients used in the formulation of these product samples (Rycin ® and Erythromycin-500mg) may have reduced the percentage of the drug dissolved. Table 3.5: Dissolution Rates of Erythromycin Stearate tablets from the Various Samples, at 45mins and 90mins respectively S/No Brand % released (45 minutes ) % released (90 minutes) 1. Erythrocin-500 43.20 80.00 2. Erymycin ® 36.80 72.00 3. Enthrox-500 40.80 76.80 4. Althrocin-S500 40.00 79.20 5. Erotab-500 40.00 77.60 6. Icethrocin 46.40 76.80 7. Donythrocin-500 41.60 77.60 8. Zin-zine 40.00 76.80 9. Rycin ® 25.60 62.40 10. Labcin ® 500 40.16 80.00 11. Erythromycin 500mg 22.40 65.50 12. Eryfast-500 40.80 77.60 Figures 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5 show the dissolution profiles of the various product samples of Eryhtromycin Stearate tablets. FIGURE: 3.2: Dissolution Profiles of Erythrocin -500 (Abbot), Erymycin, Enthrox -500.Figure: 3.3: Dissolution Profiles of Althrocin –S 500, Erotab- 500 (Hovid), Icethrocin Figure: 3.4: Dissolution Profiles of Donythrocin -500, Zin Zine, Rycin. Figure 3.5: Dissolution Profiles of Labcin, Erythromycin – 500mg, Eryfast 500 CONCLUSION The therapeutic response to a drug in its dosage form can be predicted by studying the physicochemical and biological properties of the drug product. A thorough knowledge of the impact of the various manufacturing methods and technologies on the performance of the drug product would always be useful. In this study, 12 different products of erythromycin stearate 500mg film-coated tablets were examined. The physicochemical properties studied included weight uniformity, friability, tensile strength, disintegration time, and dissolution rate. Product samples 1, 2 and 7 (Erythromycin-500, Erymycin ® and Donythrocin-500 respectively) had friability values above the standard set by USP of not more than 1%. Their friability values were 1.55%, 2.04% and 1.33% respectively. It was also observed that the weight variation within each drug product was within the acceptable limit. All drug products disintegrated within 30 minutes as required for film coated tablets by the pharmacopoeias and FDA regulatory guidances11. Film-coated erythromycin base tablets are expected to be absorbed at the duodenum (pH 6 to 6.5). All drug products except No. 9 (Rycin ®) and No. 11(Eryhtromycin 500mg) released 70% and above within 90 minutes. There is therefore, the need for our regulatory bodies, NAFDAC, NDLEA, PCN and Police Force to be adequately alert and watchful to prevail against the nefarious activities of some Nigerian nationals who possibly connive with their foreign cohorts to sneak in substandard drug products into the country even when such drugs have been initially registered. REFERENCES British Pharmacopoeia (2008). Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London. Pp2377, 2380. Luciane C.M and Schapeval E.S (1996). Bioavailability study of coated erythrornycin stearate tablets in rabbits; Acta Farm. Bonaevense 15(2):77-84. Fell, J.T; Newton, J.M. Determination of tablet strength by the diametrical-compression test. J.Pharm.Sci. 59(5), 688 691. Tomoshenko, S. (1934). Theory of Elasticity, McGraw Hill: New York, p. 82 -85, 104 109. Frocht, M.M. Plastoelasticity; John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 32-39. Stanley, P; Newton, J. M (1980). The tensile fracture stress of capsule-shaped tablets. J.Pharm. Pharmacol. 32(12), 852 — 854. Pitt, K.G, Newton, J. M; Stanley, P. (1988). Tensile fracture of doubly-convex cylindrical discs under diametrical laoding. J. Mater.Sci. 23, 2723 2728. United State Pharmacopeia 2008 (31) (1217), Rockville, US Pharmacopoeia Convention Inc. p 677. FDA Regulatory guidances, FDA Website for regulatory guidances. (www. fda. gov/ cder/ guidance/index. htm) Allen, P.V, Rahn, P.D, Sarapu, A.C, Vandewielen, A.J (1978). Physical characteristics of erythromycin anhydrate and dihydrate crystalline solids. J.Pharm.Sci.(67), 1087 — 1093. Brrok, D.B and Marshall, K. (2006). Crushing strength of compressed tablets 1. Comparison of testers. J. Pharm.Sci. 481 484. Ethical Fashion Markets in the UK and India | Research Ethical Fashion Markets in the UK and India | Research Thinking about my future life and career, long term aims for this MA are to build useful contacts in fashion industry in UK, gain a real insight into the Ethical Fashion Industry in UK, and hopefully complete a work placement at the Ethical Fashion Forum. In order to fulfill my project,I need to do the forecast research of the Ethical Fashion in UK and India in order to reach to the best topic of my research. To complete this MA, good time and project managementskills is going to be one of my most important challenges. Also, my strong focus would be on strategically planning and developing research skills. Fulfilling my learning agreement goals will give me new understanding and knowledge on the Ethical Fashion Industry in UK and India. For achieving all of the above, I need to build innumerable contacts with the fashion designer, businesses and organisation concentrating upon sustainability in the fashion industry in UK and India. Formerly, I have made enough contacts and gathered information; I will then discuss and orate about my project proposal. Ultimately, when I get an enthusiastic response, by looking at the success of Ethical Fashion Market, UK, I will then exchange those ideas with Kakoli Banergee, Trustee, Satya Jyoti Trust,India; to collaborate and formulate my project plan. If I receive a positive hope I would believe I have finally completed my MA journey, successfully. ANSHU YADAV Investigate into an Ethical Fashion market in UK and India PROJECT PROPOSAL TITLE Investigate into an Ethical Fashion market in UK and India AIM Understand the current scenario of ethical fashion business in India and relate to UK. Research UKS ethical fashion business; providea plan for making of a marketing body (Eco Fashion Park) for ethical fashion producer group and artisans in India. RESEARCH QUESTIONS What is Ethical Fashion? Defining Ethical Fashion Sustainability and triple bottom line Finding out issues and practices of Ethical Fashion Reviewing history of ethical fashion Fast Fashion and Cheap Fashion What is the market size of Ethical Fashion? Domestic (INDIA) market research on the Ethical Fashion Business and Lifestyle. International (UK) market research on the Ethical Fashion Business and Lifestyle. What is sustainable production and consumption . Defining the sustainable production and consumption Domestic (INDIA) industry research on methods of sustainable production and consumption International (UK)industry research on methods of sustainable production and consumption Sustainable Fashion producer groups and their problems in India What are the various certification possibilities for establishing a sustainable fashion business in UK and India? Ethical standards and Labeling Trade Tariffs and Barriers What is value chain? Defining value chain Research into linking the national ethical fashion producers and international buyers and markets. RESEARCH METHODS Quantity: Case Study, Grounded Theory and Consumer reactions study. Quality :Observational Analysis ANSHUYADAV Investigate into an Ethical Fashion market in UK and India 3. Primary Research: Focus on gathering information on ethical fashion from India and UK 3.1 Interviews with key forum members of Ethical Fashion Forum, UK. 3.2 Interviews with emerging fashion and textile designers in sustainable design in UK and India. 3.3 Social networking, for instance, Face book, 3.4 Fashion Business networking: Ethical Fashion Forum(UK), Designer Forum(UK), Ethical Trade Initiative(UK), Craft mark (India), Labour organisations, Manufacturers of Sustainable Fibres, Yarns and Fabrics. 3.5 Personal contacts in the Fashion Industry will help me gain appreciable approach. 3.6 Questionnaires and Videos of various artists involved in Sustainable Fashion practices. 3.7 International trend and fashion show visits. For instance, London Fashion Week, London; The Cloth Show, Birmingham; Premier Vision, Paris 3.8 Design institutes and government bodies 3.9 Non Profit Organisation, Satya Jyoti Trust, India. 4. Secondary Research: Focusing on Ethical Fashion Forum in UK. 4.1 Co work with Ethical Fashion Forum as a research intern, alongside an associate director, collecting research for EFF projects and events. 4.2 To understand the implications of formulating a marketing body(Eco Fashion Park) in India, for the sustainable Practioners. 4.3 Analyze Journals (MONOCLE,DRAPERS,FINANCIAL TIMES,ECO- TEXTILE) Weekly Magazines(TREND UNION,NEW CONSUMER, THE ECOLOGIST) and Online Magazine(THREAD), and Readings(ECO- CHIC, BY SANDY BLACK;GREEN IS THE NEW BLACK, BY T BLANCHARD,BUSINESS ETHICS AND VALUES, BY PETE ENGARDIO;SUSTAINABLE FASHION AND TEXTILES BY KATE FLETCHER. 4.4Get reports from online Databases and Articles( MINTLE, GMID, JUST STYLE.COM) 5. Literature Research: Refer to Bibliography RATIONAL OF MY PROJECT In my view point ethical fashion is the exciting subject to study as it has been grabbing the headlines within fashion industry in recent times.It is the uniqueness in fashion that allows us to look at sustainability in innovative ways. Therefore, Fashion provides an opportunity of awareness for sustainability. Many sustainable practices and movements are gaining momentum and moving towards mainstream. Green buildings, interiors, home products and even green weddings and events are flourishing, yet fashion is when embraced in sustainable ways, holds even greater impact potential. What is also unique to fashion, more so than other sustainable pathways, is that it is a large vehicle. Ethical fashion also interested me as it focuses on ill practices in the factories, poverty reduction, environment education, production and consumption issues, with a strong attention on workers health; in relation to the fashion industries. Ethicall fashion at a global level has captured my interest, for the very simple reason, that London fashion has stepped forward to promote ethical fashion clothing. Top shop, Marks and Spencer, Zara, Next, Europeon Fashion chain and USA Banana Republic are all specialising in â€Å"going green†. With a strong focus on Ethical Fashion Forum(UK), I want to know how to create such a not for profit organisation, where the ethical fashion producer group, from field to factory to end product, exchange ideas, collaborate and communicate effectively on various sustainable practices and events .My knowledge in Ethical Fashion from UK wouldthen allow me to provide the plan of making a successful marketing body (Eco Fashion Park) for Ethical Fashion producer groups and artisans of India, in India. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES LEANING GOAL 1: 1.1 Clarity of thoughts: Think deeply for filtering clear and in-depth information. 1.2 Assessed: Being able to decide the best final research topic. LEARNING GOAL 2: 2.1 Quick and Accurate Reading: discover to read relevant topics and fast. Also to improve summary and note taking skills, to be able to apply useful data resource at time of compilation of my project. 2.2 Assessed: Allowing myself to make reading list and note takings habits. LEARNING GOAL 3: 3.1 Professional Writing and Presentation Skills: enhance my English speaking and writing skills, professional approach towards any assigned task and submissions. 3.2 Assessed: Confidently being able to articulate and present myPGC Presentation and Learning Agreement. LEARNING GOAL 4: 4.1 Project Planning and Self Time Management Skills: Producing a comprehensive project proposal with a proposed approach, research direction and schedule to be followed. 4.2 Assessed: Being able to produce a timely submission of Project Proposal. LEARNING GOAL 5: 5.1 Professional Knowledge: History of Ethical Fashion Design, Business and Industry, increased awareness of Ethical Fashion Business in global context. 5.2 Assessed: Being able to approach future research phase professionally. LEARNING GOAL 6: 6.1 International Work Experience Placement: Co- work with Ethical Fashion Forum to gain more knowledge about Ethical Fashion 6.2 Assessed: Possible Case Studies and Personal Growth of improved interactive skills. LEARNING GOAL 7: 7.1 Research orientation skills: Improve my research making skills, by self understanding and implementing them in my dissertation. 7.2 Assessed: Being able to make a research oriented MA Dissertation in the last phase of research. PROJECT TERRAIN OUTCOMES KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING Project Proposal, presented in the PGC stage Project related information collection and analysis, using the primary and secondary research methods Learning agreement: refer to this document Self time management SKILLS, QUALITIES AND ATTRIBUTES Project Management: refer to the project time frame Learning Contract Summary Form Plan of learning resources inside the University (Oct- Nov 2008) Reading relevant magazines and books in library and using library learning resource to get the marketing report which I need Attend the lectures that are related to my project proposal Attend undergraduate lectures of Fashion and Textile Management. Ask questions about y research from my tutor and supervisor Multiple photocopies of magazines, journals, report and books from library Plan of learning resources outside the University (Jan-June 2009) Observe the magazine market from news, reports, blogs, forum on websites Make contacts with the relevant industry or hopefully find a research internship with Ethical Fashion Forum, UK, which can help me gain the knowledge of Sustainable Fashion and Textile industry. Maintain Chronofile (My Research log book) Academic support Keep in touch with supervisors and professors during doing the project Use the library learning resource to obtain any relevant report that I need. Practical learning Try to contact as many Fashion Designers, Sustainable Fashion Producer groups, consultancys and not for Profit Organisations. Interview the people who relate to my project proposal and learn the skills of communication. Identification of learning needs Suggestions from my supervisor and tutor Lectures which are related to my project proposal Latest reports and news on fashion, design and ethical fashion market Collect a lot of documentariesrelated to sweat shops and sustainable Fashion and Textiles. Learn to get the opinions from different people and understand Ethical consumer and producer groups in UK and India. Also interact with fashion students and make videos asking about their buying attitudes towards Ethical Fashion Clothing. Skills to summarize the information that I obtain during the research Skills to take a precise note from interview (primary research) and books and video (secondary research) Identification of non-learning resource needs Access to university computer which has professional software to produce my document and adjusting photos and pictures Target date for completion of project proposal

The visit summary

The story opens with the town of Guellen (which literally means â€Å"excrement†) preparing for the arrival of famed millionairess Claire Zachanassian. The town is In a state of disrepair, and the residents are suffering considerable hardship and poverty. They hope that Claire, a native of the small town, will provide them with much- needed funds. Alfred Ill, the owner of Guellen's general store and the most popular man In town, was Claire's lover when they were young, and agrees with the Mayor that the task of convincing her to make a donation should fall to him.As the town athers at the railway station to prepare for Claire's arrival, they are met with an unexpected surprise when Claire steps off of an earlier train. She Is grand, grotesque, and fantastic, and Is accompanied by two henchmen, her husband, a butler, and two eunuchs, along with a coffin, a caged black panther, and various pieces of luggage. She begins a flirtatious exchange with Ill, and they promptly revlslt t heir old haunts: Petersen's Barn and Konrad's Village Wood. Ill finds her as delightful as ever, though they are both now in their sixties and significantly overweight.Claire draws Ill's attention to her prosthetic leg and artificial hand. After settling into the Golden Apostle Hotel, Claire joins the rest of the town, who have gathered outside for a homecoming celebration. A band plays, gymnasts perform, and the Mayor gives a speech. Claire takes the opportunity to announce that she will make a donation of one million dollars, half for the town and half to be shared among the families. The townspeople are overjoyed, but their happiness is dampened when Claire's Butler steps forward to reveal her condition. The Butler was once the Lord Chief Justice ofGuellen, and had overseen the paternity suit that Claire had brought against Ill in 1910. In the suit, Ill had produced two false witnesses (who have since been transformed into Claire's eunuchs), and the court had ruled in his favor. Ill went on to marry Matilda, who owned the general store, and Claire moved to Hamburg and became a prostitute. She declares to the townspeople that she has come to Guellen to prove that Justice can, indeed, be bought. Her donation is conditional on Ill's death. When the Mayor refuses, the town cheers in support, but Claire states rather minously, â€Å"I'll wait. Ill feels generally confident about his status in the town. However, as time passes, he begins to feel troubled about their growing discontent, and then increasingly fearful as he begins to notice the proliferation of new yellow shoes on the feet of the townsmen, and the fact that everyone seems to be purchasing especially expensive items on credit. He goes to see the Policeman to demand that he arrest Claire for having threatened his life, but the Policeman tells him that the threat is nonsense. Ill then turns to the Mayor, who echoes similar sentiments.Both figures are armed, because Claire's black panther has escaped f rom his cage and is prowling about the town. This only feeds Ill's fear, since â€Å"my black panther† was Claire's pet name for him In their youth. He runs to see the Priest, but the Priest seems to be turning away from him as well, as he effectively Ignores Ill's fears and Instead draws attention to the magnificent new church bell. Slowly, the standard of living in the town rises, even though the townspeople continue to assure Ill that he is safe. Claire then receives the news that her black panther has beenKlllea, ana sne nas a Tuneral song played In Its memory. In an effort to escape, Ill heads to the railway station, but finds that, strangely, the entire town is gathered there. They ask him where he is going, and he says that he is planning to move to Australia. They wish him well, again assuring him that he has nothing to fear in Guellen, but Ill grows increasingly nervous nonetheless. The train arrives, but he decides not to board, believing that someone will stop him anyway. Paralyzed, he collapses in the crowd, crying, â€Å"I'm lost! After some time passes and Claire weds a ew husband in the Guellen Cathedral, the Doctor and the Schoolmaster go to see her and explain that the townspeople have run up considerable debts since her arrival. The Schoolmaster appeals to her sense of humanity and begs her to abandon her desire for vengeance and help the town out of the goodness of her heart. She reveals to them that she already actually owns all of properties in the town, and that she is the reason the businesses have been shut down and caused stagnation and poverty for the citizens.The Doctor and the Schoolmaster are aghast at this revelation. In the meantime, Ill has been pacing the room above the general store, his terror growing as the townspeople buy more and more expensive products on credit. News reporters, having received word of Claire's imminent wedding, are everywhere, and they enter the store to get the scoop on Ill, having heard that he was Claire's lover back in the day. The Schoolmaster, drunk, tries to inform the press about Claire's cruel proposal, but the townspeople stop him. Finally Ill descends the stairs, surprised at the hubbub, but quiet.The reporters clear the room when they hear hat Claire has Just divorced the man she has Just married, and has found a new lover. After the confusion has cleared, the Schoolmaster and Ill have an honest discussion. The Schoolmaster explains that he is certain that Ill will be killed, and admits that he will ultimately Join the ranks of the murderers. Ill calmly states that he has accepted his guilt, and acknowledges that the town's suffering is his fault. The Schoolmaster leaves, and Ill is confronted by the Mayor, who asks whether Ill will accept the town's Judgment at that evening's meeting. Ill says that he will.The Mayor hen suggests that Ill make things easier on everyone and shoot himself, but Ill refuses, insisting that the town must go through the process of act ually Judging and then killing him. Ill goes for a ride in his son's newly-purchased car, accompanied by his wife, Matilda, and his daughter, both of whom are wearing new outfits. As they drive through Konrad's Village Wood, Ill says that he is going to go for a walk through the woods before heading to the town meeting. His family continues on to the movie theater. In the woods, Ill comes across Claire, who is walking with her newest husband.She asks her husband to leave so that she and Ill can speak privately. They reminisce about the past, and make plans for the future. Claire tells Ill that she plans to take his body away in the coffin to a mausoleum in Capri that overlooks the Mediterranean. She also tells Ill that she has never stopped loving him, but that over time her love has grown into something monstrous. The town meeting is flooded with press, and the town publicly announces their acceptance of Claire's donation. They then go through the formality of a vote, which is unan imous, and the Mayor states that they have Ill to thank for their new-found wealth.The press is then ushered out of the auditorium to enjoy refreshments. The doors are locked, and the lights are dimmed. The Priest crosses Ill, and he is killed by the townsmen. Just as a reporter reappears In tne au01torlum, tne Doctor announces tnat II I nas oleo Trom a neart attack. The reporters gather, and declare that Ill has died from Joy. Claire examines the corpse, gives the Mayor his check, and leaves the town with Ill's body in the coffin that she brought with her when she arrived in Guellen. Claire boards the train at the railway station, and the visit comes to an end.

The Impact of the Activities of Quacks on the Practice of Real Estate

THE IMPACT OF THE ACTIVITIES OF QUACKS ON THE PRACTICE OF REAL ESTATE PROFESSION IN NIGERIA. BY OREAGBA . K. OMOTOKE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE (HONS) IN ESTATE MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT OF ESTATE MANAGEMENT JANUARY, 2011. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 1. Background to the Study The notion of professionalism is based upon a practitioner in whatever vocational field to serve not only his client but also the society at large.This implies the need to maintain a high degree of ethical responsibility and conduct, because integrity must be the watch word for any profession. Thus the attainment of professional status involves a discipline of study, a compilation of knowledge and a basis of trust coupled with practical experience. However, the more diversified the field of practice, the less likely it becomes for high professional codes and standards to be maintained and therefore estate agency in particular can present problems.Agency can be referred to as the business of representing or providing a particular service for people or organizations while an agent is a person who acts on behalf of another with respect to a particular transaction, also an agent as somebody who officially represents somebody else in business or somebody who provides a particular service for another. On the other hand, Real Estate,  in  broad  definition, refers to land and everything fixed permanently a part thereof, and the nature and extent of one's interest therein. In law, the word real, as it relates to property, means land as distinguished from ersonal property; and estate is defined as the interest one has in property. Valuers, Appraisers and Estate Agents Act 1981 defined estate agency practice as acting or holding oneself out to the public as ready to act, for a commission, fee, reward or other consideration, as an agent in respect of the sale or other disposal of land and buildings and of any interest therein or the purcha se or other acquisition of land and buildings and of any interest therein or in respect of the leasing or letting of land and buildings and of any interest therein.Ibiyode(2009) in an interview with the Saturday Tribune refers to an untrained and unregistered member of the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers (NIESV) practising estate agency as a quack. Over the years, real estate agency practice has witnessed the influx of both professionals and non-professionals alike. Registered Estate Surveyors and Valuers, lawyers that serve as solicitors, property consultants, mortgage institutions, land vendors and uneducated intermediaries are found in estate agency business (Opalana, 2009).Akomolede (2006) makes the point that it is only idle and unsuccessful lawyers who leave their own profession to dabble into estate agency. He further explained that butchers, mechanics, drivers, accountants, lawyers, teachers, students, security guards, even idle housewives and just about anybody can dabble into the practice for the purpose of earning a commission.Statistics derived by Akpoyibo ( 2009) shows that in the past 5 to 8 years, fraudsters, operating under the cover of estate developers, estate agents, property consultants and management, among other business names, have taken over the city of Lagos, duping and bringing misery and confusion into the lives of their victims. Some of their methods are quite sophisticated, they would place advertisements in the print and electronic media, use bill boards and even print hand bills to announce vacancies for flats, self-contained apartments to let or even land and houses for sale (Akpoyibo, 2009).This situation has seriously affected the image of practicing Estate Surveyors whereby owners of properties have handed over sales and lettings of their different properties to agents who in most cases are not reliable and do not have legal rights to carry out such activities and who cannot follow up the monitoring and p roper maintenance of their client’s properties.In such cases the owner of the properties is at risk of bad tenant and poor maintenance which results in loss of client’s money. In the course of reading all this, the researcher was prompted to find out in what way has the activities of quacks affected Real Estate Profession with special focus on real estate agency and property dealings in Lagos Island and its environs due to its high volume of letting and sales transactions. 1. 2. Statement of Research ProblemAccording to Akomolede (2006), the biggest problem facing the estate agency business in Nigeria today is the absence of regulation, there is no enabling law under which estate agents are registered and controlled; the danger is that the profession in its present state allows for the intrusion of all kinds of quacks. Another main problem with the current system is that there is no requirement to belong to a regulatory body in order to set up and practice as an agent. Estate agents may choose to become members of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors or the National Association of Estate Agents, and it's a good idea to check for their membership of these bodies when choosing one to work on your behalf. Crime Watch investigations published in the PM News (17th September, 2009) revealed that most of the properties advertised for rent or lease do not exist, and where they exist, people are joining hundreds of other victims to line the greedy pockets of these criminals.It was also revealed that between last year and today, over 1,000 house seekers in Lagos State have been duped by these con men, while several millions of naira has been lost. Some families have lost their entire life savings and some have faced destitution through the activities of these rogues. This study’s greatest concern is the fact that more and more house seekers are falling into the hands of these quacks and several millions of naira is fraudulently collected on a daily basis from Lagosians. The major questions this study intends to answer therefore include: i.What laws have been in place to control the activities of quacks in Nigeria? ii. What are the effects of quacks on Real Estate Practice ? iii. What can be done to minimize their activities? 1. 3. Aim and Objectives of Study The aim of this research is to study the impact of the activities of quacks on the practice of real estate profession in Nigeria, with particular reference to Lagos Island property market. In achieving the aim of this study, the specific objectives are to: i. Examine the laws relating to the practice of estate agency in Nigeria. ii.Asertain peculiar effects of quacks on practice of estate agency in the study area. iii. Identify ways to minimize the activities of quacks to enhance Real estate practice. 1. 4. Significance of the Study Several writers have partly examined the impacts and effects of quacks on estate agency practice. In relation to their individual studi es, this study will examine all aspect of quackery related activity by identifying who these quacks are, also by examining the laws that regulates the practice of estate agency as well as suggesting possible solutions to this menace.This project will serve as an incentive especially to students currently studying estate management and for those whose specialty would be estate agency because it will assist in properly orienting them as propective estate surveyors, and also to the public letting them know who they can relate with and how to identify Estate Surveyors and Valuers. This study is also important because it would reveal the activities of quacks/non-professionals in estate agency, thus enabling the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers to be in a good position to fashion out new codes of conduct for its members and find ways of dealing with quacks.This research is to enable the readers understand why and how these quacks operate under the covering of estate de velopers, estate agents, property consultants and management, this is because it has been noticed by Crime Watch investigations that these quacks have taken over the city of Lagos, duping and bringing misery and confusion into the lives of their victims. A detailed study that would undergo the complete research requirements would no doubt minimize, if not eradicate the activities of quacks in estate agency practice.This is what this study intends to achieve in addition to promoting patriotism of agency surveyors in the property market. This research will go a long way in abolishing the activities of quacks and also letting the public know who specifically they can relate with and how to identify them, also prevent the public from entering into wrong hands. 1. 5. Scope of the Study No matter how ambitious a researcher could be, no single study can be all encompassing. Hence, study limits have to be defined clearly. In this view his study focuses on the the impact of the activities of quacks on the practice of Real Estate Profession in Nigeria. Estate agency is choosen amongst other aspects of real estate profession, because the other aspects of the profession needs licensing before one can practise, basically an eatate agent do not need professional qualifications to practice. Also the activities of the quacks affect more people at the lower rung of social and economic ladder. However, time constraint does not allow for the coverage of the entire country.For this reason, the scope of this research is restricted to Lagos Island, because it is known to be a commercial area and it plays host to the main government buildings, shops and offices. Lagos Island contains a central business district and this district is characterized by high-rise buildings where all sort of activities take place, most commercial and financial businesses are transacted and also where different professionals are based, and also because it is vast and has a lot of estate firms within the ar ea. 1. 6. Study Area Lagos Island contains a central business district.This district is characterized by high-rise buildings. The island also contains many of the city's largest wholesale market places (such as the popular Idumota and Balogun markets). It also has the National Museum of Nigeria, a Central mosque, Glover Memorial Hall, Christ's Cathedral (CMS), and the Oba palace. Though formerly in derelict condition, the Tinubu Square on the island is a site of historical importance; it was here that the amalgamation ceremony that unified the Northern and Southern protectorates to form Nigeria took place in 1914.Lagos Island is the principal and central local government area of the Metropolitan Lagos in Nigeria. It is part of the Lagos Division. According to 2006 Nigerian census, the Local Government Area (LGA) had a population of 209,437 in an area of 8. 7 km?. The Local Government Area (LGA) only covers the western half of Lagos Island; the eastern half is under the jurisdiction of Eti-Osa Local Government Area (LGA). The Island has continued to rapidly develop and is a favourite spot for Nigerians and foreigners to live and play.However the influx of banks and other commercial ventures has changed the formerly serene atmosphere of the Island. Today, Lagos Island is one of Nigeria's busiest centres of banking and commerce, with most Nigerian and international corporations headquartered on the Island. Study Area Fig. 1 Map of the Local Government Areas of Lagos with study area highlighted. Source : wikimedia (2006). Map showing the 16 LGAs making up Metropolitan Lagos. Note that Metropolitan Lagos is a statistical area and not an administrative entity unlike Lagos State. 1. 7. Limitations of the study.The research is designed such that it identifies the impact of the activities of quacks on the practice of real estate profession and also proffer solutions so identified. However, the limitation of the research is borne on the fact that covering the entire sta te was not possible, thus, an area was selected for the purpose of this research. Other limitations include financial constraints, time constraints, transportation problems, limited exeat from the school premises and the target populace in giving information as regards the subject matter. 1. 8. Definition of termsIn a study of this nature, it is considered necessary and desirable to define key terms with a view to clarifying both operational and constructive definitions to avoid ambiguity. Constructive definition involves substituting the concept or construct of the term we are defining with other concepts or constructs, the operational definition requires that the concept or construct be assigned a type of meaning which the researcher wants to carry throughout the study. Agent: An â€Å"agent†, broadly defined, is a person who affects the legal relations of another person, called the â€Å"principal†.The agent can affect the legal relations of the principal in several ways but does so primarily through entering into contractual relationships on behalf of the principal. If, for example, A (as agent) enters into a contract with X on behalf of P (the principal), A having disclosed to X that she is acting on behalf of P, the contract will be a contract between X and P (and not a contract between X and A). The principal can also be vicariously liable for the torts committed by the principal’s agent.Estate agent: is a person that represents some other person in property or land dealings. He could provide land and property related services which moslty include the sales, letting or management of land and buildings. An agent that specialises in Letting/Sales transaction is called an agency surveyor. Principal: is one who authorises and controls the actions of the estate agent. In commercial law, a principal is a person legal or natural–who authorizes an agent to act to create one or more legal relationships with a third party.Disclosed pri ncipal is a class of principal, where at the time of the transaction made by the Agent with the Third Party, the latter knows that the person he is dealing with is acting as an Agent and also knows the Principal’s identity. Partially disclosed principal is a class of principal where, at the time of the transaction, the Third Party knows that the person he is dealing with is acting as an Agent acting but does not know the Principal’s identity and undisclosed principal, the person acting as an Agent represents is acting on their own behalf and does not disclose the existence of the agency relationship.This is usually because the Principal is wealthy and believes that money can be saved on the proposed deal if their involvement is hidden. Quack: is someone who pretends to have a professional knowledge (which he does not possess), he is also a person who generally claims to have knowledge in real estate while he does not. He has not undergone any professional training and naturally will not work in the capacity of a manager Property: is any physical or intangible entity that is owned by a person or jointly by a group of persons.Important widely recognized types of property include real property (land), personal property (physical possessions belonging to a person), private property (property owned by legal persons or business entities), public property (state owned or publicly owned and available possessions) and intellectual property (exclusive rights over artistic creations, inventions, etc), although the latter is not always as widely recognized or enforce. 1. 9.Chapter Summary In chapter one, a vivid introduction of the research work was given by exploring the background to the study, statement of research problem including research questions, objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study, study area, limitations of the study and the definition of terms. The next Chapter is a review of relevant literature on the subject o f study. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 IntroductionDescribing quackery as one of the greatest challenges confronting estate surveyors in the state, Nemieboka (2010) revealed that quacks infiltrate the estate profession through the practice of estate agency which is one of the major aspect of the profession whereby the professional represents either the buyer or seller in law and valuation and guide his client on how best to go about the business in the property market. Apparently, the business of estate agency has become an all-comers affair, opening a floodgate of quacks.These quacks are allowed such liberty because the house owners are not adversely affected by their activities since they believe that in the long run, they get whatever accrues to them as rent, rather effortlessly, leaving tenants to bear the financial brunt (Amaku and Ogunleye, 2010). Therefore the literature reviewed includes, the creation of estate agency, the types of estate agency,the duties and terminati on of estate agency, the different laws governing estate agency, code of conduct for estate agents, the activities of quacks, factors responsible for the emergence of quacks and also the steps to becoming an estate surveyor. . 2. Estate Agency Relationship Fillmore, Wellington ;Robert (2003) in their works identified that principal-agent relationship evolved from master-servant relationship under English common law. In that relationship, the servant owed abosolute loyalty to the master. This loyalty replaced the servant’s personal intrests as well as any loyalty the servant might owe to others. In a mordern day agency relationship, the agent owes the principal similar loyalty.The agent is regarded as expert on whom the principal can rely for specialised professional advice. Estate agency can be described as a relationship resulting from an agreement authorising an agent to represent, act for and be subject to control of a principal in dealing with a third party. They went fur ther to explain that estate agency involves the buying, selling, letting and leasing of intrests in land and property on behalf of others which applies to all types of real estate namely: residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural.ACCA F4 Corporate and Business Law (2010) contributed to agency relationship, and defines an agent as a person (or company) that acts on behalf of a principal. This means that in the estate agency relationship, the agent is acting on behalf of another rather than in their own right. Third parties Agent Principal Source: ACCA F4 Corporate and Business Law (2010). Since the agent is not acting on his/ her own behalf, any contracts that the agent negotiates on behalf of the agent have this effect: Third parties Principal Source: ACCA F4 Corporate and Business Law (2010)This means that all the rights and obligations of any contract negotiated by the agent are rights and obligations of the principal and the third parties. Principal and agent relationship in law is a voluntary legal relationship between two parties whereby one, the agent, is authorized by express or implied consent to act on behalf of the other, called the principal. The designated agent can thus affect or conduct the legal affairs of the principal with others, as in the case of the agreement known as power of attorney.The authorized acts of the agent are thus considered to be the acts of the principal, who is entitled to the benefits, if any, from these actions. The relationship differs from that of master and servant in that the agent is the representative, as well as the employee, of the principal (Microsoft Encata (2008). Dave (2010) is of the opinion that agency is the special relationship whereby one person (agent) agrees on behalf of another (principal) to conclude a contract between the principal and a third party.The most common agency relationships are; Buyer’s Agency: in a buyer’s agency relationship, the buyer is considered the client. Sell er’s Agency: a seller’s agency relationship represents the seller in the transaction and the seller is considered the client. Dual Agency: In a dual agency, an agent represents both buyer and seller in a single transaction and carries fiduciary responsibilities to both principals Any person who has legal capacity to make contracts can appoint an agent, who in turn must be of legal age and of sound mind.A corporation or a partnership, as well as an individual, can be either principal or agent. The agent may be appointed by actual agreement, or may be acknowledged as such by actions on his or her and a principal's part indicating such a mutual agreement. Obligations of the agent vary according to the particular agreement with the principal, who is generally required to act by specific instructions and is held responsible for wrongful acts of the agent only when they fall within the scope of the legal contract.The agent, besides being paid for services, is entitled to rei mbursement for particular expenses. 2. 3. Historical Background of Estate Agency The precise origin of estate agency is still a subject of controversy and a little cloudy. Some belive it originated from lawyers who were responsible for the drafting of lease and conveyances in respect of dwelling houses and agricultural land but no concrete evidence as to the authenticity of any precise origin exists (Olayinka, 2010). From researches, many belive that estate agency emerged from the profession of law i. attorney who developed the autioneering sides of their practices but this was refuted by Ash (1958) who states that estate agency grew from old auctioneers who were chattel men ( but surely also agricultural auctioners) who turned eagerly to the exiciting prospect of selling big landed estates and that the expression â€Å"estate agent† was coined to describe the parctitioner who did more of selling and buying than auctioneering. This is basically true because throughout the cou ntry one can readily identify firms of estate agents that grew directly from this source and who will still combine the sale of real roperty with earlier skills which still go a great deal further than autioneering (Jacobus, Charles, and Bruce, 1998). The employment by great land owners of persons to oversee their holdings, deal with tenure, rentals and many other matters on behalf of their lords goes far back to the Norman conquest. It could be argued that the stewards were agmonst the progenitor of todays â€Å"general practitioners† and as most of todays practising estate agents can be so described as being one of the origins from which they sprang.Yet they really operated as managing agents and could not be said to have operated in a free and open market therefore estate agency was then practiced by a priviledged few. Real estate practice grew out of England’s industrial development and it is the upheaval of the nineteenth century with its redistribution of ownersh ip and its multiplication of problems affecting property that can be traced to the vocation of auctioneers and estate agents (Stephens, 1981). Ash (1958) writing on the first auctioneer suggested that real estate activities originated and developed with Christopher Cook of the great piazza in Covent Garden.His first sale announcement which was entirely devoted to land appeared in the London evening post in April 1740, following this he built a considerable practise. Real estate practice grew out of England industrial development and it is the upheaval of the nineteeth century with its redistribution of ownership and its multiplication of problems affecting property that can be traced to the vocation of auctioners and estate agents (Olayinka, 2010). He went further to state that in the eighteenth century, the conditions govering the possesion of real estate were vastly different from those prevailing today.Landowners were an exclusive and priviledged and certainly limited class so fa r, land changing hands with any frequency was held for most parts in large estate and by the same families from generation. Therefore the real estate was free from modern perplexities (Ash, 1958). Fillmore, Wellington &Robert (2003) maintained that common law, law of agency is the basic framework of the law that governs the legal responsibilities of the estate agents to the people they represent. The fundamental of agency law has remained largely unchanged for hundreds of years.However the application of the law has changed dramatically, particuarly in residential transaction and especially in recent years. Oni (2009) in his book, Real Estate Marketing revealed that in recent times in Nigeria, a number of professional bodies have been formed, the oldest recognizable one is the Royal Institute Of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) founded in 1868 as the institute of surveyors. As the name implies, the early members were limited to those whose task it was to survey land and to oversee, report on and manage the land.Membership of RICS are professionals in the feild of Estate Surveying and Valuation, Land surveying and Quantity Surveying. The organised body recognised for the regulation of practise of estate agency in Nigeria is the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers (NIESV). The practitioners are referred to as Estate Surveyors and Valuers. However, the corporate affairs commission regards estate agency as a business concern and classifies it under general business practice.This has partly accounted for why non- professionals, otherwise called â€Å"quacks†engage in the practice of estate agency without regulation. According to Stephens (1981), there is a high level of statisfaction with the services rendered by estate agents. If changes occurs, it might be in form of fewer or larger firms and computerisation in the future. 2. 4. Creation of Agency Creation of agency is viewed by Oni (2009) which is seen in two major ways :Expressly, By implicati on. Express creation maybe oraly made or could be done in writing, usually under seal.A form of written instruction â€Å"power of attorney† is usually given. This is an authorization to act on someone else’s behalf in a transaction involving land or land and building. Implied creation of agency can come in three ways :By Estoppel, by ratification and by necessity. By estoppel it means that one can be portrayed as an agent of another person. This type is of limited character and is sometimes known as â€Å"agency by estoppel† because parties bound by contract are prevented or â€Å"estopped† by law, or by conduct, from denying the existence of the agency.By ratification, this is permised on the equal dignity rule†. The rule is a principle of law that requires an authorization for someone performing certain acts for another person to have been appointed with the same formality and required for the act the representative is going to perform. By necess ity occurs when a situation arises in emergency condition where a person is obliged to act in order to prevent irrepearable loss to another. However three conditions must be atisfied before this type of agency can be created: It must be impracticable or impossible to communicate with the owner of the goods in order to get instructions, the agent must have acted in the best interest of the client and there must be imminent commercial necessity. According to Fillmore, Wellington &Robert (2003) research, it shows that an agency relationship may be based on formal agreement between the parties, an express agency, or it may result from the parties’ behaviour, an implied agency.It is an express agency when the principal and agent enters into a contract, or an express agreement, in which the parties formally express their intention to establish an agency and state its terms and conditions. The agreement maybe either oral or written. It is an implied agency when agency is created by implied agreement. This occurs when the actions of the parties indicate that they have mutually consented to an agency.ACCA F4 Corporate and Business Law (2010) maintained that principal/agent relationship can be created in a number of ways; Agreement, Ratification, Estoppel, Necessity Agreement: This is the most common manner in which a principal/agent relationship comes into existence. In this situation, the agent is specifically appointed by the principal to carry out a particular task or to undertake some general function. In most situations, the appointment of the agent will itself involve the establishment of a contractual relationship between the principal and the agent but need not necessarily depend upon a contract between the parties.Ratification: An agency is created by ratification when a person who has not actual authority purports to contract with a third party on behalf of a principal and the principal subsequently accepts the contract. Where the principal elects to r atify the contract, it gives retrospective validity to the action of the purported agent Estoppel: This form of agency is also known as „agency by holding out? and arises where the principal has led other parties to believe that a person has the authority to represent him.In such circumstances, even though no principal/agency relationship actually exists in fact, the principal is prevented (estopped) from denying the existence of the agency relationship and is bound by the action of his or her purported agent as regards any third party who acted in the belief of its existence. To rely on agency by estoppel, there must have been a representation by the principal as to the authority of the agent (Freeman and Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties Ltd (1964)) and the party seeking to rely on it must have relied on the representation.Necessity: Agency by necessity occurs under circumstances where, although there is no agreement between the parties, an emergency requires that an agent take particular action in order to protect the interests of the principal. The usual situation which gives rise to agency by necessity occurs where the agent is in possession of the principal? s property and, due to some unforeseen emergency, the agent has to take action to safeguard that property. 2. 5. Types of AgencyFillmore, Wellington & Robert (1988) explained that one major characteristic feature of estate agency is that more than one agent maybe involved in disposing off a particular property. This may occur whereby the owner of the property instructs more than one agent or where the agent himself appoints one or more sub- agents. This has given rise to four types of agency. i. Sole Agency ii. Joint Agency iii. Sub Agency iv. Multiple Agency. Sole Agency: this is when a client (house owner) appoints a single agent to dispose or let a property.However, the principal in some cases do sell the property personally despite his instruction to the agent but will not be allowed to s ell through another agent especially where the sole agency is created by a valid contract. Joint Agency: this arises where two agents are instructed by a principal to act jointly and cooperate in effecting the vendor’s instruction and share whatever fee is agreed as commission. Sub Agency: this exists where the type of property desired by a client in an area is not available in the agents’ portfolio, thus, the principal agent appoints a firm of sub-agents to cooperate in the contract.Multiple Agencies: this is the situation where the principal instructs several agents and each acting independently of the others with a view to reaching as large and wide market, expedite sales and procuring a better price. The winner takes all situations when it comes to commission. 2. 6. Duties and Rights of an Estate Agent Estate agents are legally obliged to put their client’s intrests above anyone else’s. They must keep clients information confidential and obey their cl ient’s lawful instructions. They have to report any useful information to their clients that they find out, concerning the seller or buyer.They have to account to their client for any money involved with their work. They are required to answer the principals questions to clarify their understanding of regulations and their responsibilities other parties involved. Lawdit readingroom (2006), an estate agent shall explain to every prospective party to any written offer or contract negotiated or procured by him in his capacity as an estate agent, prior to signature thereof by such party, the meaning and consequences of the material provisions of such offer or contract, or, if he is unable to do so, refer such party to a person who can do so. i.To obey the lawful instructions of the principal. ii. Not to delegate, sub-contract his authority. iii. Only to act within the limits of his authority (actual or ostensible). iv. Not to make a secret profit or accept bribes. v. Not to put h imself into a situation where his interests will conflict with those of his principal. vi. To use reasonable diligence and care, and reasonable dispatch. vii. To disclose all material facts to the principal and to refrain from divulging confidential information to third parties. viii. To account to the principal for property and money of the principal, which is under his control.Lawdit readingroom (2006) explained that the principal duties of an estate agent may be specified in the contract between principal and agent. A qualified professional agent after accepting an instruction from his client and concluding the basis of his contract has the following rights: i. He is entitled to compensation and renumeration for services rendered. ii. He must be indemified against all losses and liabilities suffered on behalf of his client and also reimbursed for expences incurred. iii. He may retain possession of his principals property untill he has been fully paid iv. Continue employment for t ime period specified. 2. 7.Liabilities of an Estate Agent Acccording to Fillmore, Wellington & Robert (1988), it appears that no man longer wishes to take the slightest risk on his property and attempts to insure himself against accidents, theft, fire, flooding damage or risks arising from renting accommodation. Therefore, the subject of liability is of importance both for real estate agents and their clients. Also the severity shown towards real estate professionals constitutes the price at their success where the value of their work and professional knowledge is recognised more each day, therefore, being competent and prudent to a client is of great importance.As one is to be ever prudent, the real estate professional must act with discernment and must seek advice of many technical experts in other fields of construction before embarking upon a project with his client. The risk of each operation stage should be clearly explained for he is at the service of not just his client but also the public. By accepting an instruction with good negotiating ability, he must reflect all the obligations of the tenant and landlord or the purchaser and vendor. He must have a good knowledge of the property concerned and the property market of the area he is dealing with. 2. 8.Termination of Estate Agency Subject to section 201 of the The Indian Contract Act,1872, it explained that an agent's authority can be terminated at any time, if the trust between the agent and principal has broken down, it is not reasonable to allow the principal to remain at risk in any transaction that the agent might conclude during a period of notice. Section 201 to 210, The Indian Contract Act, 1872, provided that agency may come to an end in a variety of ways: By the principal revoking the agency – However, principal cannot revoke an agency coupled with interest to the prejudice of such interest.An agency is coupled with interest when the agent himself has an interest in the subject-matter of the agency, (ii) By the agent renouncing the business of agency, (iii) By the business of agency being completed; (iv) By the principal being adjudicated insolvent (Section 201 of The Indian Contract Act. 1872) The principal also cannot revoke the agent’s authority after it has been partly exercised, so as to bind the principal (Section 204), though he can always do so, before such authority has been so exercised (Sec 203).Further, section 205, states that if the agency is for a fixed period, the principal cannot terminate the agency before the time expired, except for sufficient cause. If he does, he is liable to compensate the agent for the loss caused to him thereby. The same rules apply where the agent, renounces an agency for a fixed period. Notice in this connection that want of skill continuous disobedience of lawful orders, and rude or insulting behavior has been held to be sufficient cause for dismissal of an agent.Further, reasonable notice has to be given by on e party to the other; otherwise, damage resulting from want of such notice, will have to be paid (Section 206). Section 207, provides that the revocation or renunciation of an agency may be made expressly or impliedly by conduct. The termination does not take effect as regards the agent, till it becomes known to him and as regards third party, till the termination is known to them (Section 208). 2. 9. Comparative Study 2. 9. 1 Real Estate Agents Act 1976 (Public Act 1976 No 9) The Real Estate Agent Act 1976 of New Zealand consists of 9 parts and 125 sections.The first Part consist of Real Estate Agents Licensing Board, the second part addresses the Licensing of real estate agents, the third part addresses on the approval of salespersons, the fourth part consists of the duties of real estate agents, the fifth part addresses the Real Estate Institute of New Zealand incorporated, the sixth part also addresses the Real Estate Agents Fidelity Guarantee Fund, the seventh part addresses on the Disciplinary provisions of the board, the eighth part consists of the Appeals and lastly the ninth part addresses on the Miscellaneous provisions.The Estate Agents Act 1976 regulates the work of estate agents in New Zealand. The Act gives the meaning of real estate agent as any person who holds himself or herself out to the public as ready to act, for reward as an agent in respect of the sale or other disposal of land or of businesses either with or without any interest in land) or the purchase or other acquisition of land or of businesses (either with or without any interest in land), or in respect of the leasing or letting of land, whether or not that person carries on any other business. Subject to section 34 of this Act, no person shall carry on the business of a real estate agent unless he or she is the holder of a licence issued in accordance with this Part of this Act.Every person, not being the holder of a licence, commits an offence and is liable to a fine not exceedin g $2,000 who describes himself or herself in writing as or holds himself or herself out to be a real estate agent, or carries on business as a real estate agent, and, in addition to any fine that may be imposed, shall be liable to forfeit to Her Majesty the Queen all money received by him or her by way of commission, profit, or remuneration for any services or work performed by him or her as an unlicensed real estate agent.Subject to section 17 of this Act, every person who has attained the age of 20 years and has passed the examinations for the time being prescribed by the Institute and has been approved by the Board for the purposes of this section; or is a company; or is a building society; or was, at any time within 5 years before the commencemen of this Act, the holder of a real estate agent’s licence issued under the Real Estate Agents Act 1963 or a partner of such holder or a director or officer of a licensee company, in either case approved under section 21(2) of the Real Estate Agents Act 1963 or has surrendered a licence pursuant to section 31 of this Act and has been approved by the Board for the purposes of this section, or is, and has been, an associate member of the Institute since before the 1st day of January 1966 and who has, at least since that date, been continuously engaged or employed as an approved salesperson by the same or different real estate agents shall be eligible to hold a licence under this Act. The Act further explained in subsection (1) of this section, no person shall apply for or obtain or be eligible to hold a licence under this Act if the agent is a bankrupt and has not obtained the order of discharge, or, if the agent has obtained the order of discharge and it is suspended for a term not yet expired or is subject to conditions not yet fulfilled or the agent holds practising certificate as a barrister or solicitor of the High Court of New Zealand or Every person who applies for or obtains a licence knowing that he or she is not eligible to do so under the foregoing provisions of this section commits an offence. Under section 67, of the real estate institute of New Zealand, every licensee shall be a member of the Institute, whether or not he or she applies for membership, notwithstanding subsection (1) of this section, such of the officers of a licensee company as the rules of the Institute provide shall be members of the Institute. If any person suspended under this section satisfies the Board that all fees and other payments have been paid, the Board shall cancel the suspension of that person. Section 36 provides for the purpose of the Act a Registrar shall be appointed and the registrar shall set up and maintain a Register of Real Estate Agents.The real estate institute of New Zealand Regulates the members of the Institute who are not holders of licences. Subject to subsection (4) of section 55, all money received by a real estate agent in respect of any transaction in his or her capacity as a real estate agent shall be paid to the person lawfully entitled thereto or as that person may in writing direct: Provided that where the real estate agent is in doubt on reasonable grounds as to the person who is lawfully entitled to any such money, he or she may retain that money in his or her trust account until the person lawfully entitled has been ascertained, but shall take all reasonable steps to ascertain as soon as practicable the person so entitled.Except in pursuance of an order of a Court of competent jurisdiction or an authority signed by all the parties to the transaction, where a real estate agent receives any money (other than money received by way of rent from the letting of any land) in respect of any transaction, he or she shall not pay that money to any person for a period of 10 days after the date on which he or she received it; and, if at any time while he or she holds any money on behalf of any party to the transaction he or she receives written notice of any requisitions or objections in respect of the title to any land affected by the transaction, he or she shall not at any time pay that money to any person except in pursuance of such an order or authority. In general, the principles promoted by the Act, It is a criminal offence for an un-discharged bankrupt to engage in estate agency work except as an employee of another person or as an employee of a company of which he is neither a director nor has control, it is also a criminal offence for anybody carry on the business of an estate agent, unless the agent is the holder of a licence issued in accordance with the Act. 2. 9. 2 Valuers, Appraisers And Estate Agents Act 1981 (Laws Of Malaysia Act 242). The Valuers, Appraisers And Estate Agents Act 1981 of Malaysia consists of 8 parts and 35 sections.The first Part focuses on the interpretation of terms, the second part addresses the appointment, duties and powers of director general of valuation and property services and other officers, the third part consists of the board of valuers, appraisers and estate agents, the fourth part addresses on the registers, the fifth part addresses on the valuers and appraisers and the estate agents, the sixth part also addresses the firms, the seventh part consists of the disciplinary and other proceedings and lastly the eighth part addresses generally on offences, search by warrant,search and seizure without warrant,list of things seized,penalty for other offences, immunity of board, agmonsts others. The board of valuers, appraisers and estate agents regulates the works of estate agents in Malaysia. The act therefore explains estate agency practice as means of acting or holding oneself out to the public as ready to act, for a commission, fee, reward or other consideration, as an agent in respect of the sale or other disposal of land and buildings and of any interest therein or the purchase or other acquisition of land and buildings and of any interest therein or in respect of th e leasing or letting of land and buildings and of any interest therein.Subject to section 22A, an estate agent can be registered if he has attained the age of 21 years and is of sound mind, good character and has not been convicted of any offence involving fraud or dishonesty or moral turpitude during the five years immediately preceding the date of his application, he is not an undischarged bankrupt; he satisfies the requirements of section 22D, he has made a declaration in the form and manner prescribed by the Board, he has paid the fees prescribed by the Board and he is not under suspension from valuation or estate agency practice nor has his name been cancelled from the Register. Subject to the provisions of this Act, section 22B explaines that a registered estate agent who has been issued with an authority to practise by the Board shall be entitled to practise his profession and shall be authorised to undertake estate agency practice. Subject to subsection (2), no registered es tate agent shall carry on property management.According to section 22C No person shall unless he is a registered estate agent and has been issued with an authority to practise under section 16 is allowed to practise or carry on business or take up employment under any name, style or title containing the words estate agent, house agent, property agent, land agent, house broker or the equivalent thereto, in any language or bearing any other word whatsoever in any language which may reasonably be construed to imply that he is a registered estate agent, he is also not allowed to display any signboard, or use, distribute or circulate any card, letter, pamphlet, leaflet, notice or any form of advertisement, implying either directly or indirectly that he is a registered estate agent, an estate agent is not allowed to offer for sale or invite offers to purchase any land, building and any interest therein irrespective of whether such land, building and interest is located within Malaysia or outside Malaysia: Provided that where foreign properties are to be marketed in Malaysia, such offer or invitation shall be made by or through an estate agent practising and residing in Malaysia. An estate agent is qualified when he has complied with section 22D of the Act which states that, any person who has passed the examinations prescribed by the Board or who has obtained qualifications which the Board recognizes as equivalent to such examinations may apply to the Board to be registered as a probationary estate agent.A probationary estate agent shall be required to obtain the practical experience and to pass the Test of Professional Competence prescribed by the Board or any equivalent test or examination recognized by the Board. Where a probationary estate agent has complied with the requirements of subsection (3), he may apply to the Board to have his name entered in the Register. Under section 24, if an estate agent has contravened or failed to comply with any of the provision s of this Act or of any of the rules made thereunder and has been found guilty by the Board of any professional misconduct or of any act or conduct which in the opinion of the Board is infamous or disgraceful, the board shall suspending his practice for a eriod not exceeding three years or imposing a fine not exceeding ten thousand ringgit and recording such fine in the appropriate Register and that he be suspended from practice until the fine is paid. The valuers, appraisers and estate agents act 1981 regulates the affairs of estate agents in malaysia and the act is regulated by the board of valuers, appraisers and estate agents. The board in general does not allow the practise of unregistered estate agent unless he is registered under the board as an estate agent and actions are taken when a registered estate agent fails to complie with the provisions of the act . In other words, estate agency in malaysia is recognised under the valuers, appraisers and estate agents act 1981. 2. 9 . 3 Estate Agents Act 1980 (Austraila)Estate Agents Act 1980 of Austraila comprises of 9 parts and 102 sections. The first part writes on the introduction and definitions, the second part consists of the Estate Agents Council, the third part addresses licences of estate agents , the fourth part consists of the agents and agents' representatives, the fifth part addresses builders and subdividers of land, the sixth part consists of accounts, audit and monitoring of estate agency business, the seventh part addresses victorian property fund, the eighth part consists of miscellaneous and lastly the ninth part addresses on transitional and savings. The activities of an estate agent is regulated by the estate agents council.Section 6B of the act states the functions of the council, to monitor the operation of this Act and the regulations, also to monitor the provision of services by estate agents and developments in the real estate industry generally and to monitor and evaluate the effecti veness of any procedures set up to deal with disputes between estate agents or between estate agents and persons dealing with estate agents relating to services or the charging of commission. Subject to section12 of this Act an individual shall not either by himself or as a member of partnership exercise or carry on or advertise notify or state that he exercises or carries on or is willing to exercise or carry on the business of an estate agent, or act as an estate agent, or in any way hold himself out to the public as ready to undertake for payment or other remuneration (whether monetary or otherwise) any of the functions of an estate agent unless he is a licensed estate agent.A person (other than a corporation) under section14 shall not be eligible to be granted an estate agent's licence unless he is not less than eighteen years of age and he has passed any courses of instruction or examinations prescribed by the regulations and during the 3 years immediately before applying for t he licence been engaged in full-time employment as an agent's representative for not less than one year or for periods amounting in the aggregate to one year; or part-time employment as an agent's representative for not less than the equivalent of one year of full-time employment or for periods amounting in the aggregate to the equivalent of one year of full-time employment or he has within the period of five years immediately preceding his application held an estate agent's licence; or she or he has met any other requirements establishing competency set out in the regulations.Therefore Despite subsection (1), a person is eligible to be granted an estate agent’s licence if he or she satisfies the Authority that he or she has been licensed or otherwise authorised under the laws of another place or country to carry on a business in that place or country and also he has an adequate knowledge of Victorian estate agency law, practice and procedure, including accounting. Subject to section16 a person is eligible to be employed as an agent's representative if she or he is at least 18 years of age and has passed any prescribed courses of instruction or examination; and has not, within the last 10 years in Australia or elsewhere, been convicted or had found proven against him or her any offence involving fraud, dishonesty, drug trafficking or violence which was punishable by imprisonment for 3 months or more.Section 99 gives the power to the Governor in Council to may make regulations, requiring estate agents to give consumers of their services information in relation to those services in a form specified by the regulations or approved by the Director and the responsibilities of the officer in effective control of the estate agency business of a licensed estate agent that is a corporation with respect to the supervision and control of that business. 2. 9. 4 The Estate Agents Act (Chapter 533) Kenya Estate Agents Act cap 533 of Kenya comprises of 7 parts and 27 s ections. The first part writes on preliminary and interpretation of terms, the second part consists of the establishment of the board, the third part addresses the registrar and the register, the fourth part consists of the registration of estate agents, the fifth part addresses restriction on practice, the sixth part consists regulation of conduct and lastly the seventh part addresses miscellaneous provisions. The activities of estate agents in kenya is regulated by the Estate Agents Registration Board.The Board shall be charged with the responsibility of registering estate agents and of ensuring that the competence and conduct of practicing estate agents are of a standard sufficiently high to ensure the protection of the public, and for that purpose may exercise the powers conferred, and shall perform the duties imposed, upon the Board by the provisions of this Act. Estate agents are registered by the baord under sections 6;7, the Minister shall appoint a public officer as the reg istrar of the Board whoshall keep and maintain a register in which the name of every Person accepted by the Board for registration under this Act shall be entered showing the date of the entry in the register, the address of the person registered and the qualifications of the person. The register shall be published in the Gazette, at the beginning of each year, a list containing the names, addresses and qualifications of all registered estate agents.Subject to part iv (section13) of the Act, a person who is a citizen of Kenya shall be entitled, on making application to the Board to be registered under this Act and have his name enter in the register if he is a member of the Institution of Surveyors of Kenya, or a corporate member of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors and he is qualified to be or is a member of the Institution of Surveyors of Kenya or the holder of a degree, diploma or license from any university or college or school which is recognized for the time being b y the Board or a person who is the holder of a degree, diploma or license of a university or college or school or a member of an institution the membership of which is recognized for the time being by the Board as furnishing sufficient evidence of an adequate academic training for practice as an estate agent and has had, to the satisfaction of the Board, practical post-qualification experience in such practice of not less than two years of which not less than six months has been in Kenya. Notwithstanding the fact that he has sufficient qualifications under subsection (1), the Board may require an applicant for registration as an estate agent under this Act to satisfy if that his professional and general conduct has been such that, in the opinion of the Board, he is a fit and proper person to be registered under this Act and the Board may direct the registrar to postpone the registration of an applicant until it is so satisfied.Part v (section 18) of the Act writes on the restriction on practice and it states that no individual shall practice as an estate agent unless he is a registered estate agent also no partnership shall practice as estate agents unless all the partners whose activities include the doing of acts by way of such practice are registered estate agents, therefore any person who contravenes subsection (1) shall be guilty of an offence and liable to a fine not exceeding twenty thousand shillings to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to both. Under section 23, if a registered estate agent is convicted of an offence under this Act or is after due inquiry found to have been guilty of an act or omission contrary to the public interest or amounting to professional misconduct the Board will have his registration under the Act suspended or caution the person and may also order that such caution shall be entered on the register or impose a fine not exceeding five thousand shillings upon that person or Order that the name of the person shal l be deleted from the register.The comparative study on the laws of the different countries shows that estate agents are recognised in their respective institutions and the activities of an estate agent is regulated by the respective Boards or Councils. However in Nigeria, estate agency activities are not regulated by any legislatilon. In addtion, there are no provisions for regulating estate agent activities by the Estate Surveyors and Valuers registration Board in Nigeria and the regulating law of Estate Surveying and Valuation profession : â€Å" Estate Surveyors and Valuers (Registration, ETC. ) Act 1975† of Nigeria did not make any provisions for regulating how estate agency should be practised in Nigeria. Subject to section 18 of Estate Surveyors and Valuers (Registration, ETC. ) Act, 1975, every Estate Surveyor and Valuer shall be ssued with a Seal and Stamp on registration and all professional duties performed by and/or emanating from his office or under his hand shal l bear the Stamp and Seal issued by the Board. 2. 10. The Real Estate Profession The Estate Surveyor and Valuer is any person duly registered by the Estate Surveyors and Valuers Registration Board of Nigeria (ESVARBON) to practice the profession of Estate Surveying and Valuation throughout the Federation of Nigeria. ESVARBON as established by the Estate Surveyors and Valuers Registration Act No. 24 of 1975 (now CAP HI Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 1990) is the regulatory body of the Estate Surveying and Valuation profession in Nigeria, and the only body legally authorized to register persons fit and qualified to practice the profession.Therefore practices in the profession constitutes; Land Economy, Real Estate and Allied Matters, Valuation and Apprasial of Plant, Machinery and Business Assets, Land and Facilities Management, Building Maintenance, Property Development and Investment, as well as Land Administration Systems. The professional duties of the Estate Surveyor and Value r in practice as enunciated by the Nigerian institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers (NIESV), which is the umbrella association for all Estate Surveyors and Valuers in Nigeria include: 1. Determining the value of all descriptions of landed property and of the various interests therein; 2. Managing and developing Real Estates and business concerned with the Management of landed property. 3. Securing the optimal use of land and its associated resources to meet social and economic needs. 4.Surveying the structure and conditions of buildings and their services and advising on their maintenance alteration and improvement. 5. Determining the economic use of resources of the construction industry and the Financial appraisal and measurement of construction work. 6. Selling (whether by Public Auction or otherwise) buying or letting, as an agent, real or personal property or any interests therein, and to maintain and promote ‘the usefulness of the profession for the public advantage. 2. 10. 1Requirements for Qualification as an Estate Surveyor and Valuer The practice of estate agency is a very delicated one, anyone who is an estate agent must be a professional in the practice and the set rules which regulate and guide the conduct of the practitioners.Therefore a professional estate agent is expected to keep and maintain a high degree of inteligence, honesty, competence and ethical responsibility standard for integrity is the watchword of estate management practice in general. A professional estate agent must have undergone a period of training in the field of estate management, passing five ’Ordinary Level credits in subjects like Mathematics, English Language, Economics and two science subjects which would facilitate an admission to study Estate Management in accredited polytechnics or universities. After the completion of either Higher National Diploma (HND) or a B. Sc degree in Estate Management, a graduate HND holder, from an accredited polytechnic, will sit for the Professional Qualifying Examination Stage 3 (PQE 3) while graduates of non-accredited university or polytechnic will sit for PQE 2.Success in the PQE examination will enhance participation in the Professional Practice Examination (PPE) which will be followed by the writing of a Critical Analysis subject to the approval of a synopsis. The Professional Practice Examination (PPE) and the Critical Analysis writing stage, however, is the entry point for a university graduate with a B. Sc degree in Estate Management. Those that scaled through the Critical Analysis Stage (either through HND or B. Sc entry point) will now face the Membership Committee of the NIESV for an interview to become an Associate Member of the body and, thereafter, apply for full registration with the Estate Surveyors and Valuers Registration Board of Nigeria (ESVARBON) in accordance with decree 24 of 1975.Lastly, such an associate would be registered by the Board (ESVARON) and during the course of r egistration, would be interviewed and if sucessful, given a seal. It is at this point one can be called a full- fledge valuer and carry out valuation without supervision. The professional estate agent goes beyond buying, selling and leasing of intrest in land and landed properties. He is bound to be deligent, honest and in a position to educate his client on the type of property to buy, be able to negotiate and have innovative thinking. Amongst other things, the estate agent should have the knowledge of all other fi