gatdream F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - Just Dream It! :: Great Gatsby Essays

The Great Gatsby Just Dream It   In Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, all the characters are, in one way or another, attempting to achieve a state of happiness in their lives. The main characters are divided into two groups the rich upper class and the poorer lower class, which struggles to attain a higher position. Though the major players taste only to change their lives for the better, the American Dream is inevitably crushed beneath the harsh reality of life, leaving their lives without moment or purpose.   tomcat and Daisy Buchanan, the rich socialite couple, seem to have everything they could possibly desire however, though their lives are full of material possessions and worldly goods, they are unsatisfied and seek to change. Tom, the arrogant ex-football player, drifts on forever seeking a little wistfully for the dramatic turbulence of some irrecoverable football game(pg. 10) and reads deep books with pine words in them(pg. 17) in order to have something to talk ab out. Though he appears happily married to Daisy, Tom has an affair with Myrtle Wilson and keeps an apartment with her in New York. Toms basic nature of unrest prevents him from being satisfied with the life he leads, and so he creates another life for himself with Myrtle. Daisy Buchanan is an empty character, someone with hardly any convictions or desires. Even before her loyalty to either Tom or Gatsby is called into question, Daisy does nothing but sit around all day and admire what to do with herself and her friend Jordan. She knows that Tom has a mistress on the side, yet she doesnt leave him even when she learns of Gatsbys love for her. Daisy makes her love to Gatsby apparent, yet cannot bring herself to tell Tom goodbye except when Gatsby forces her too. Even then, once Tom begs her to stay, even then Daisy ultimately leaves Gatsby for a life of comfort and security. The Buchanans are the ultimate examples of wealth and prosperity, and the American Dream. Yet their lives are empty, unfulfilled, and without purpose.   Though Myrtle Wilson makes an attempt to escape her own class and pursue happiness with the richer set, her efforts ultimately produce no results and she dies. She is basically a victim of the group she wanted to join. Myrtle tries to join Toms class by entering into an affair with him and taking on his way of living, but in doing so she becomes corrupt as if she were rich.

Not Just a Number: Critical Numeracy for Adults :: Numeracy Mathematics Education Essays

Not Just a Number Critical Numeracy for AdultsIt is difficult to understand why so many people must struggle with concepts that are actually simpler than most of the ideas they deal with every day. It is far easier to calculate a percentage than it is to drive a car. (Dewdney 1993, p. 1) To many people, the words math and simple do not belong in the same sentence. Math has such an aura of difficulty around it that even people who are quite competent in other areas of life are not ashamed to admit they cant do math. Innumeracy is more socially acceptable and tolerated than illiteracy (Dewdney 1993 Withnall 1995). Rather than discussing specific ways to pick up math to adults, this Digest looks at emerging perspectives on numeracy and their social, cultural, and political implications as a context for new ways of thinking about adult numeracy instruction.What Is Numeracy?Numeracy involves the functional, social, and cultural dimensions of mathematics. Numeracy is the type of math sk ills needed to function in everyday life, in the home, workplace, and community (Withnall 1995). Although not always recognized as such, math is used in many everyday situations-cooking, shopping, crafts, financial transactions, traveling, using VCRs and microwave ovens, interpreting information in the media, taking medications. Different people need different sets of math skills, and their numeracy inescapably change in response to changes in life circumstances, such as buying a car or house or learning a new hobby (Gal 1993 Withnall 1995). Like literacy, numeracy is not a fixed entity to be earned and possessed once and for all (Steen 1990, p. 214), nor a skill one any has or doesnt have. Instead, peoples skills are situated along a continuum of different purposes for and levels of accomplishment with numbers.Beyond daily living skills, numeracy is now being defined as intimacy that empowers citizens for life in their particular society (Bishop et al. 1993). Thus, numeracy has economic, social, and political consequences for individuals, organizations, and society. Low levels of numeracy limit access to education, training, and jobs on the job, it can hinder performance and productivity. Lack of numeracy skills can ca-ca overdependence on experts and professionals and uncritical acceptance of charlatans and the claims of pseudoscience (Dewdney 1993). Inability to interpret numerical information can be costly financially it can limit full citizen companionship and make people vulnerable to political or economic manipulation.

The Maya Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Maya were a commanding society of Mesoamerica, rich in finishing, community, and art. While life may not be completely interpretable yet, much in known about how these societies were constructed, and how their organized religion dominated their lives. Much is generally made of their massive stonework, their ceremonial complexes, and religious rite sacrifices, but their small jade, ceramic, and stone sculpture deserves as much attention as the works of much larger size have received.The Maya, inhabiting southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Union Belize, began to settle in communities around 1500 b.c. By A.D. 200, these communities had grown into large cities with expansive areas of temples, pyramids, bunch courts, and plazas.1 Pre classic Maya sculpture developed under the geographic expansion of the inhabitants into a variety of ecosystems, inspiring technical and artistic change. The highland inhabitants may have been introductory in initiating stone sculpture.2 Figure 8, an a nthropomorphic mushroom figure undercoat in Guatemala may have been a symbol of fertility, judging by its gos connotation. Other regional sculpture includes figurines with swollen bellies, accentuated sexual regions, and steady pregnant animal depictions. This could be because of the association of maternity and fertility with nature and female parent Earth.The Classic Period of the Maya began to develop around A.D. 250 and flourished through A.D. 900. Around that time was the start of the Post Classic Period, which was conquered by the Spanish in the early sixteenth century.3 The information about the classification of these cultures is not strong in that it may be considered inappropriate to call certain periods Classic, Pre Classic, Post Classic, etc. because the rise and crepuscule of Mayan cities was an overlapping sensation, and the establishment of a certain style would appear at many different times throughout the domination of the culture. For classification of the p urposes of this paper, however, the division of the culture is used.Small Mayan sculpture has been discovered at a variety of locations. An untimely Classic jade piece, 4 1/4 tall, of the Bird-Monster God (fig. 9), was found at Copan, Honduras. This tiny, sculpted piece of a deity features human hands and feet, with the figure seated cro... ...assic Maya artwork and Architecture. In The Ancient Americas Art from Sacred Landscapes, ed. Richard F. Townsend, 159-169. cabbage The Art Institute of Chicago, 1992.Miller, Mary Ellen. The Art of Mesoamerica from Olmec to Aztec, 2nd ed. London Thames and Hudson, 1996.Reilly III, F. Kent. Art, Ritual, and Rulership in the Olmec World. In The Ancient Civilizations of Mesoamerica, eds. Michael E. Smith and Marilyn A. Masson, 369-399. Oxford Blackwell Publishers, 2000.Valdes, Juan Antonio. The Beginnings of Preclassic Maya Art and Architecture. In The Ancient Americas Art from Sacred Landscapes, ed. Richard F. Townsend, 147-57. Chicago The Ar t Institute of Chicago, 1992. The Maya Essay -- essays research papers fc The Maya were a dominating society of Mesoamerica, rich in culture, community, and art. While life may not be completely interpretable yet, much in known about how these societies were constructed, and how their religion dominated their lives. Much is generally made of their massive stonework, their ceremonial complexes, and ritual sacrifices, but their small jade, ceramic, and stone sculpture deserves as much attention as the works of much larger size have received.The Maya, inhabiting southern Mexico, Guatemala, and northern Belize, began to settle in communities around 1500 b.c. By A.D. 200, these communities had grown into large cities with expansive areas of temples, pyramids, ball courts, and plazas.1 Pre classic Maya sculpture developed under the geographic expansion of the inhabitants into a variety of ecosystems, inspiring technical and artistic change. The highland inhabitants may h ave been earlier in initiating stone sculpture.2 Figure 8, an anthropomorphic mushroom figure found in Guatemala may have been a symbol of fertility, judging by its shapes connotation. Other regional sculpture includes figurines with swollen bellies, accentuated sexual regions, and even pregnant animal depictions. This could be because of the association of maternity and fertility with nature and Mother Earth.The Classic Period of the Maya began to develop around A.D. 250 and flourished through A.D. 900. Around that time was the start of the Post Classic Period, which was conquered by the Spanish in the early 16th century.3 The information about the classification of these cultures is not strong in that it may be considered inappropriate to call certain periods Classic, Pre Classic, Post Classic, etc. because the rise and fall of Mayan cities was an overlapping sensation, and the establishment of a certain style would appear at many different times throughout the domination of the c ulture. For classification of the purposes of this paper, however, the division of the culture is used.Small Mayan sculpture has been discovered at a variety of locations. An Early Classic jade piece, 4 1/4 tall, of the Bird-Monster God (fig. 9), was found at Copan, Honduras. This tiny, sculpted piece of a deity features human hands and feet, with the figure seated cro... ...assic Maya Art and Architecture. In The Ancient Americas Art from Sacred Landscapes, ed. Richard F. Townsend, 159-169. Chicago The Art Institute of Chicago, 1992.Miller, Mary Ellen. The Art of Mesoamerica from Olmec to Aztec, 2nd ed. London Thames and Hudson, 1996.Reilly III, F. Kent. Art, Ritual, and Rulership in the Olmec World. In The Ancient Civilizations of Mesoamerica, eds. Michael E. Smith and Marilyn A. Masson, 369-399. Oxford Blackwell Publishers, 2000.Valdes, Juan Antonio. The Beginnings of Preclassic Maya Art and Architecture. In The Ancient Americas Art from Sacred Landscapes, ed. Richard F. Townsen d, 147-57. Chicago The Art Institute of Chicago, 1992.

Will the Real Lupe Garza Please Stand Up? Essay -- Ethics Case Study

An ethical dilemma is defined as a moral issue, where a situation has two equivalent hateful alternatives and neither choice will resolve the ethical predicament. Lupe Garza, mother of two children, is a fleeting employee at a plant. Garza is an excellent and talented worker, and supervisors have interpreted notice in her skills. A human resource specialist named Sara Jones, mislead Garza in thinking she would unquestionably obtain a fixed job baffle at the plant, ca victimisation Garza to turn down another job opportunity. During the interview, Garza is truthful and informs scratch line Solomon, a human resource specialist, that she is currently using someone elses identity in order to work legally and her real name is Carmen Mendoza. Mark tell Garza that she will not be able to obtain the permanent positions at the plant because of her circumstances. Garza pleads Mark for the position, felling remorseful Mark leads Garza into believing she may have a chance in obtaining the po sition. Furthermore, during the interview, Garza informs Mark, there are other employees using someone elses identity. The major true ethical dilemma in this case is whether the human resource specialist should hire Garza permanently knowing she is an illicit worker or deny Garza the position. An additional ethical dilemma is presented to Mark, after the interview with Garza. Mark is faced with the decision whether the plant should continue to employ temporary Hispanic workers knowing that they may be an illegal or stop hiring these employees.The stakeholder in an ethical dilemma is anybody that is affected by the outcome of the decision. In this scenario, Mark Solomon and Garza Lupe will be both subjected by the end result of the decision. The conflict is ... ...6-ircaNoe, R. A., Hollenback, J. R., Gerhart, B., & Wright, P. M. (2011). Fundamentals of human resource management. (5th ed.). New York, NY, 10020 McGraw-Hill Irwin. Retrieved from http//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/00 78112613/information_center_view0/supplements.htmlFransson, M. C., Gareett, N. A., & Noll, C. L. (2005). Will the real Lupe garza please contain up? The Society for Case ResearchLeonard, J. C. (2014). Business policy & strategy. (Beta ed.). Ronkonkoma, NY 11779 Linus Learning.U.S. Department of Homeland Security. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, (2013). I-9, employment eligibility verification. Retrieved from website http//www.uscis.gov/i-9U.S. Department of Homeland Security. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, (2013). I-140, immigrant petition for outlander worker. Retrieved from website http//www.uscis.gov/i-140

Role of Women During and After the Age of Revolutions Essay -- French

There have been many stereotypical views and misconceptions about the role of women during and after the time of revolutions. Although the role of women did change, it is important to understand their position before the revolutions in order to wager how their role changed and of course, to what extent. It would be unrealistic to assume that all women during this period unrelenting into one category. There are many factors to consider and so it is vital to address how different types of women behaved in their varied working and living environments. In pre industrial Europe the life of a single char can be regarded as extremely difficult from an economic perspective. Most single women, irrespective of age, belonged to a family, either as a servant or a daughter. In both respects they were regarded as dependent. In a time when female yield were extremely low, the only way for a woman to obtain a degree of economic stability was to marry. The type of work a single woma n carried out differed quite greatly from that of a married woman. As with all women their working role began in a similar way, helping within the home, assisting their mothers. simply the jobs they carried out varied according to the productive nature of their particular household, for example in agricultural areas daughters would often help with dairying, poultry, or the making of food and cloth.The real first time women began to ban together for the same rights that men have was during the French Revolution. Everything was being questioned in France then, and for the first time, women were doing some of the questioning. why couldnt women vote? Why couldnt women hold public office? Why were women expected to tend to the kids and the house all day?... ...e of the Enlightenment era, the role of women in society began changing drastically as the lights of the world were now open with this brand new enlightened era. Women began holding jobs, yet still did not receive the same privi leges as men. By the time the Industrial Revolution came along in the 19th century many more jobs were opened to a woman in the work force. Reforms began in all areas throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries as women were gaining more and more rights and acceptance into everyday life. By the time the 20th century turn over around and throughout, no longer was it thought that women belonged in the home (although few still feel that way), yet many women began serving professional jobs as doctors, lawyers, and politicians. instantaneously today some of the most successful people in the business world are women, as women have even began their own companies.

Role of Women During and After the Age of Revolutions Essay -- French

There have been many stereotypical views and misconceptions about the role of women during and after the age of revolutions. Although the role of women did change, it is important to learn their position before the revolutions in order to wager how their role changed and of course, to what extent. It would be unrealistic to assume that all women during this period fell into one category. There argon many factors to consider and so it is vital to address how different types of women behaved in their varied working and living environments. In pre industrial Europe the life of a single woman can be regarded as extremely difficult from an economic perspective. Most single women, irrespective of age, belonged to a family, either as a servant or a daughter. In both respects they were regarded as dependent. In a time when female wages were extremely low, the only charge for a woman to obtain a degree of economic stability was to marry. The type of work a single woman carried out differed quite greatly from that of a married woman. As with all women their working role began in a similar way, helping within the home, assisting their mothers. Obviously the jobs they carried out varied concord to the productive nature of their particular household, for example in agricultural areas daughters would often help with dairying, poultry, or the making of food and cloth.The very first time women began to ostracise together for the same rights that men have was during the French diversity. Everything was being questioned in France then, and for the first time, women were doing some of the questioning. Why couldnt women vote? Why couldnt women hold public section? Why were women expected to tend to the kids and the house all day?... ...e of the Enlightenment era, the role of women in society began changing drastically as the lights of the world were without delay open with this brand new enlightened era. Women began holding jobs, yet still did not receive the same privileges as men. By the time the Industrial Revolution came along in the nineteenth century many more jobs were opened to a woman in the work force. Reforms began in all areas throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries as women were gaining more and more rights and acceptance into everyday life. By the time the 20th century rolled around and throughout, no bimestrial was it thought that women belonged in the home (although few still feel that way), yet many women began serving professional jobs as doctors, lawyers, and politicians. Now today some of the near successful people in the business world are women, as women have even began their own companies.

Escape by W.S. Maugham

ESCAPE By William Somerset Maugham The text under version is Escape by William Somerset Maugham. W. S. Maugham was a well-known English playwright, novelist and short story writer. He was the son of a British diplomat. He was educated at Kings school in Canterbury, studied painting in Paris, went to Heidelberg University in Ger homoy and studied to be a doctor at St. Thomas infirmary in England. So, he put his hand in different activities and thats why he is versatile and drived person. S.Maugham was critical of the morals, the narrow-mindedness and hypocrisy of burgess society. Such novels as Of Human Bondage, The Moon and the Sixpence, The Theatre and others came under his pen. He was also the master of the short story. Among them atomic number 18 Colonels bird, Friend in Need, Lions Skin, etc. S. Maugham was among the most popular writers of his era, and reputedly, the highest paid author during the 1930s. Maughams style of writing is deport and precise. He doesnt impose hi s views on the reader. He puts a question and leaves it to the reader to answer.I also like his revealing the weak sides and vices of human nature skilfully. His books are chatty and easy to read. This is clearly viewed from the given extract. Escape is a story about common people in common situation, and Maugham manages to tell it with the sense of irritability and in a very interesting way. The essence of The Escape, to my mind, is that Roger and commiseration have diverse approaches towards the relations. Of course, the men and the women like the first step flowers, attentiveness, passion. But consequently their paths diverge.The romance disappears, the man looks for the way out, he craves for new emotions, that the woman deems that the relations should develop into the marriage. And The Escape is the example of such a mismatch. The story earth-closet be logic bothy divided into four main parts the exposition, passages about pitys and Rogers venerate, Roger falls out of lov e and the break-up. The story has a straight line narrative structure with authors digressions at the beginning. I think that the beginning of the story serves as its subject matter, w present the author recounts his head teacher of view on marriage.He convinces us that if a woman once made her mind to marry a man nothing further instant trajectory could save him. As an example he told a case, which happened with one of his friends, who seeing the inevitable marriage menacing earlier him, besidesk ship and spent a course of study traveling round the world. He hoped the woman would forget him, but was mistaken. When he got back thinking himself safe, the woman, from whom he had fled, was waiting for him on the quay. This funny thing supports the subject that the inevitable loom of the marriage frightens some men and they try to avoid it.It should be mentioned, that he describes that awkward situation very skilfully and in a very ironical way. It could be confirmed by some case s of irony, used by the narrator instant flight and inevitable loom menacing before him, escaped with only a toothbrush for all his luggage, which show us fear and trembling of men before the difficulties of the marriage. Maugham establishes realistic setting to his rig of writing. As the author uses the first-person narrative structure we can guess that the narrator is the secondary character of the story.The main ones here are Roger Charing and Ruth Barlow. To describe them, Maugham uses the work out characterization. For example, he gives it when speaks about of Ruths eyeball using the epithets (splendid, moving, big and pleasant), a detached epithet (poor sincere) all in the ironic way. Further on the narrator says that he knows only one man who escaped successfully. Once upon a time his friend, Roger Charing told him he was qualifying to marry. Roger was tall and handsome, rich, experienced middle-aged man. Of course, many women valued to marry him.But he was happy to live the life of an unmarried man the epithets sufficient experience, careful give the direct description of his lifestyle. But then he met Ruth Barlow. He vaporize in love with her. He immediately cherished to look after her and make her happy. Ruth was twice a widow, she was younger than Roger. She was quite good-looking and she had big, beautiful, dark eyes and she had the gift of pathos. When a man truism those big, sad eyes, he wanted to help Ruth. The epithet defenceless expose the power of her look.It was Ruths mode to get what she wanted because she had no other means (money for instance). This gift helped Ruth to reach her goals. The metaphor the gift of pathos, the epithets splendid dark eyes, the most moving eyes, big and lovely eyes and the repeat of the word eyes make us pay our attention to this peculiarity. And Ruth made her mind to marry Roger he was rich, considerate, and tactful and was beamy to take care of her, so he was the best variant for her. He didnt let down and made a proposal of marriage to her and they were going to marry as soon as ossible. While reading we came across a lot of pure literary words (gift, splendid, wonderful, hazards, sadness, lovely) and some cliches (the world was too much for her, stand between the hazards of life and this powerless little thing, how wonderful it would be to take the sadness out of those big and lovely eyes) which are peculiar to the description of ordinary situations concerning love affairs, so we see what kind of story The Escape is. The narrator provokes us to perceive it ironically.Through Rogers vision, Ruth was very unlucky. Indeed, she seemed to be very miserable, everything was wrong with her. If she married a husband he beat her if she employed a broker he cheated her if she engaged a cook she drank. She never had a little lamb but it was sure to die. We can observe hopelessness of Ruths life through the epithets helpless little thing, rotten time, unfortunate, poor dear, the metap hor a little lamb, parallel constructions if she married and pure literary words such as sufferings, hazards, sadness.Roger took an interest in her destiny and was ready to relieve it the repetition of the pronouns she and her in Rogers speech, the epithet dreadfully olive-drab prove my assumption. The epithets very happy and pleased make us believe that it wasnt a nuisance for him. But according to the narrators opinion, Ruth was two-faced woman of few minds he called her stupid and scheming. This epithets, the simile as exhausting as nails add some points to her description, so it again proves that the method of character-drawing here is direct.We see two people, Roger and Ruth, as the future family, so this is the idea of this extract of the text. The author describes the first part of their relations which were rather standard. As thousands of men and women, they met, fell in love and decided to be together. But then, on a sudden, Roger fell out of love. This was the second p art of their relations. There was no evident reason. Perhaps, his heart-strings were no longer touched by Ruths pathetic look. Roger became acutely conscious that Ruth had a mind to marry him. He gave a horrible expletive that nothing would induce him to marry Ruth.But he was in a quandary. He was aware that Ruth would assess her feelings at an immoderately high signifier if he asked her to release him. Besides, he didnt want people to say that he jilted a woman. The epithets acutely conscious, a solemn oath and an immoderately high figure stress the importance, significance of his decision as to the epithet pathetic look and the metaphor heart-strings (at the same time it is a cliche), they get to the humorous effect. Falling out of love is the most terrible thing I can imagine.Recently it was an acute pleasure for Roger to do everything for Ruth. He was charmed, but, as I suppose, it wasnt a serious and profound feeling Roger lost it too easily. It is obvious Ruth was a narro w-minded woman and she didnt really love Roger. But there are some arguments to be said in her defence, she lonely and wanted to be protected. Probably she would be a good wife. The repetition of the expression to have a mind to reveals the conflict of Rogers and Ruths interests. Ruth desired to have relations of long duration she cried for the moon.On the contrary, Roger wanted to escape with no loss. And again we are the witnesses of the usual continuation of the love story. Its rather banal. Roger kept his own counsel he remained attentive to all her wishes. It was decided that they would be married as soon as they found a suitable house. Roger applied to the agents and visited with Ruth house after house. It was very hard to find a satisfactory one. Sometimes houses were too large, sometimes they were too small, sometimes they were too expensive and sometimes they were too stuffy, sometimes they were too airy.The idea is that only such dishonest, shabby act as the flat-chase ta ctics seemed to be appropriate for Roger. I think, it was like a committing a crime. Rogers behaviour wasnt fair, it was even disgraceful, but unfortunately such conduct is not uncommon, the men trick the women very often, because their attitude towards the relations differs. Parallel constructions sometimes they were too large, sometimes they were too small, sometimes they were too expensive and sometimes they were too stuffy, the metaphor house-hunting, the epithet innumerable kitchens describe Rogers scheme of the trouble-free parting.Firstly I took Rogers side, because I consider that each person should have a right for free choice, but then I was sorry for Ruth, Roger tired her out, she didnt understand what was happening. The epithet exhausted demonstrates her state brightly. At last Ruth revolted. She asked Roger if he wanted to marry her. There was an unaccustomed hardness in her voice, but it didnt affect the gentleness of his reply. Roger persuaded her that they would be m arried the very moment they found a suitable house. Ruth took to her bed. She didnt want to see Roger, but he was as ever assiduous and gallant.Every day he sent her flowers, wrote that he had some more houses to look at. The epithets assiduous, gallant display his dissimulation. A week passed and he received the letter Ruth let him know that she was going to get married and claimed that Roger didnt love her. He answered that her news bust him, but her happiness had to be his first consideration. He sent Ruth seven orders to view. He was quite sure she would find among them a house that would just now suit her. So, we can see that Roger appeared to be very smart and sly person.He appeared quite cute to predict Ruths following actions. When he got the course of Ruth, he pretended he was still in love very gallantly, until she got the hang of him, and I should say it was a more civilized way of jilting a woman than just to leave her. So, I think the message of the story is that a w oman can be sly and scheming, but a man can make it his way also. This story carried me with its eternal intrigue the war between male and female. We may be in earnest about it or may try to ignore it, but it really takes place and this problem will exist until the end of human history.

Army Regulation Essay

Chain of commanda. The cooking stove of command assists air force officers at any trains to achieve their primary function of accomplishing the units assigned boot while caring for personnel and property in their charge. A simple and plow chain of command facilitates the transmittal of orders from the highest to the lowest levels in a minimum of time and with the least chance of misinterpretation. The command channel extends upward in the analogous manner for matters requiring official communication from rate to elderberry bush(a).b. overlookers are responsible for everything their command does or fails to do. However, commanders subdivide responsibility and authority and assign portions of both to various strung-out commanders and staff members. In this way, a proper degree of responsibility becomes inherent in each command echelon. c all in all forers delegate sufficient authority to Soldiers in the chain of command to accomplish their assigned duties, and commanders ma y hold these Soldiers responsible for their actions. Commanders who assign responsibility and authority to their subordinates still retain the overall responsibility for the actions of their commands.c. Proper economic consumption of the chain of command is vital to the overall military strength of the armament. Commanders must acquaint all their Soldiers with its existence and proper function. Effective communication amid ranking(prenominal) and subordinate Soldiers within the chain of command is crucial to the proper functioning of all units. Therefore, Soldiers leave use the chain of command when communicating issues and problems to their leaders and commanders.Open threshold policiesCommanders go forth establish an open threshold policy within their commands. Soldiers are responsible to determine that the commander is made aware of problems that affect discipline, morale, and mission effectiveness and an open door policy allows members of the command to present facts, concerns, and problems of a personal or professional nature or other(a) issues that the Soldier has been unable to resolve. The timing, conduct, and particularised procedures of the open door policy are determined by the commander. He orshe is responsible for ensuring that Soldiers are aware of the commands open door policy.Performance counselingCommanders testament ensure that all members of their command receive timely performance counseling. Effective performance counseling of officers, noncommissioned officers (NCO), enlisted Soldiers, and DA noncombatant employees helps to ensure that they are prepared to carry out their duties efficiently and accomplish the mission. AR 6233 and AR 690400 contain counseling requirements in continuative with the evaluation reporting systems. Unit commanders will determine the timing and specific methods used to provide guidance and draw a bead onion through counseling. FM 622 provides advice and makes suggestions concerning effective couns eling. Providing regular and effective performance counseling to all Soldiers, not just those whose performance fails to meet unit standards, is a command function. All commanders will ensure that their subordinate commanders have implemented and are maintaining an effective performance counseling program.Staff or practiced channelsStaff or technical channels may be used for sending reports, information, or instructions not involving variations from command policy and targetives.Command of installations, activities, and unitsa. Responsibility. The senior regularly assigned join States armament officer present for duty normally has responsibility for the command of units, platoon level and above, except as shown in paragraphs 28a, 215, and 216. b. Command of installations. Command of forces installations is subject to policies, procedures, and regulations promulgated by HQDA.(1) Command of Army installations is exercised by a senior commander (SC). The SC is designated by senior Army leadership. The SCs command authority over the installation derives from the Chief of Staff, Army (CSA) and Secretary of the Armys (SA) authority over installations. This is a direct delegation of command authority for the installation to the SC. The SCs command authority includes all authorities inherent in command including the authority to ensure the maintenance of good order and discipline for theinstallation. (2) Army installations are identified in one of two categories as follows (a) Installations managed by Installation Management Command (IMCOM). Installations that are managed by IMCOM are discussed in paragraph b(4)(e), below.(b) Installations not managed by IMCOM. Installations that are not managed by IMCOM are discussed in paragraph 25b(4)(f), below.(3) joint bases. Army installations designated for management under Department of Defense (DOD) Joint Basing 6 AR 60020 18 March 2008Guidance shall be operated in luxuriant compliance with DOD requirements. In the ev ent of a discrepancy between this regulation and the DOD policies or procedures for Joint basing, the DOD policies or procedures take precedence. (4) Roles and responsibilities.(a) fourth-year commander. The SC is normally the senior general officer at the installation. The SCs mission is the care of Soldiers, Families, and Civilians, and to enable unit readiness. While the delegation of senior command authority is direct from HQDA, the SC will routinely resolve installation issues with IMCOM and, as needed, the associated ACOM, Army service component command (ASCC), or direct reporting unit (DRU). The SC uses the garrison as the primary organization to provide work and resources to customers in aliment of accomplishing this mission. All applicable commands support the SC in the execution of SC responsibilities therefore, the SC is the supported commander by the IMCOM region director (RD), the garrison and dwells. The SC1. Normally is a dual-hatted position. When this occurs the commander exercises distinct authorities as the SC and as a mission commander. The SC responsibilities and authorities are installation focused the responsibilities and authorities as the mission commander are mission focused.2. Can, in rare cases, be an HQDA-appointed civilian versus a uniformed SC, who will assume the SC roles and responsibilities with the exception of UCMJ and command authority. In these instances, the exclusive will be referred to as the senior manager. Prior to the appointment of the senior manager, command and UCMJ authorities for the installation will be specified.3. Is responsible for synchronizing and compound Army priorities and initiatives at the installation. On IMCOM managed installations there is a requirement for a unafraid collaborative relationship between the SC and the IMCOM RD. The SC commands the installation hardly funding of almost all installation activities flows through the RD.4. Assumes the duties and responsibilities of the installat ion commander where that title is mentioned in U.S. Code or DOD or Army policies and regulations.5. Assumes the duties and responsibilities of the senior mission commander where that title is mentioned in Army regulations except for regulations involving operational duties and responsibilities. Mission commanders will retain operational duties and responsibilities.6. Unless prohibited by law or regulation, the SC may delegate, as necessary, assigned duties and responsibilities to the garrison commander (GC). Such delegation shall be made in writing and specifically state the duties and responsibilities so delegated and the termination date of the delegation.7. Establishes installation priorities among all resident and supported units.8. Prioritizes base operations support consistent with HQDA priorities and approved common levels of support (CLS) bands.9. Oversees the CLS service and capabilities provided to customers. Ensuring that those function are provided within the HQDA guida nce, designated priorities, and approved CLS bands and coordinates with the IMCOM RD to change HQDA approved CLS from green, amber, or red.10. Approves and submits the installation master plan consistent with HQDA long-range plans and goals through the ACOMS, ASCCs or DRUs, and IMCOM. For IMCOM installations the SC collaborates with the IMCOM RD in the lead the SC submits the installation master plan.11. Approves the military construction, Army (MCA) and military construction, Army Reserve (MCAR) project precedency list at the installation level. For IMCOM installations the SC collaborates with the IMCOM RD to begin with the SCapproves the MCA and MCAR project priority list for the installation. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers executes MCA/MCAR projects for the Army.12. Reviews and approves the prioritization of Family and installation programs. For IMCOM installations the SC collaborates with the IMCOM RD before the SC approves Family and installation programs for the installat ion.13. Installation force protection (FP) is as follows (a) continental United States (CONUS) SC as directed by U.S. Army North (USARNORTH) and in coordination with the installation management headquarters (IMCOM and Non- IMCOM), oversees FP on the installation (b) after-school(prenominal) continental United States (OCONUS) SC in coordination with the ASCC and IMCOM is responsible for FP oversight on the installation.14. Is normally designated as a General Court-Martial Convening Authority (GCMCA). The GCMCA orders will specify the appellate and review channels for SC GCMCA actions.15. The appellate and review authority for administrative actions taken by the SC pertaining to individual Soldiers and DA Civilians will flow through ACOM, ASCC, or DRU channels unless otherwise specified in Army regulations. The terms next superior authority, next high authority, next higher commander, and next higher headquarters as used in other Army regulations, mean ACOM, ASCC, or DRU commander o r headquarters.16. Serves as the senior Army representative to the surrounding community.17. Senior rates the GC.(b) Garrison commander. The GC is a military officer, lieutenant colonel or colonel, selected by HQDA. The GC commands the garrison, is the SCs senior executive for installation activities, is rated by the IMCOM RD, and is senior rated by the SC. The GC is responsible for day-to-day operation and management of installations and base support services. The GC ensures that installation services and capabilities are provided in accordance with HQDA AR 60020 18 March 2008 7directed programs, SC guidance, CLS, and IMCOM guidance. The GC provides additional service support in accordance with HQDA directives and provides reimbursable services in accordance with memorandum of understanding or agreement (MOU/MOA). The GC is responsible to deliver Family andinstallation programs, coordinates and integrates the delivery of support from other service providers, and obtains SC approval of the installation master plan. The GC may be appointed as a Summary Courts-Martial Convening Authority or the Special Courts-Martial convening authority for the installation and its support area in rare cases the GC may be appointed as GCMCA. In virtually cases, the senior official on an installation may be the garrison manager. A garrison manager (the civilian equivalent of a GC has the uniform responsibility and authority as the military counterpart with the exception of UCMJ and command authority. Prior to the appointment of the garrison manager, command and UCMJ authorities for the garrison will be specified. The GC responsibilities are1. Represents the Army and the installation in the surrounding community as directed by the SC. 2. Approves and issues garrison policies in accordance with respective Army regulations, or installation level policies involving tenant units as directed by the SC.3. Approves and issues policies for IMCOM civilian workforce.4. Develops and implem ents the Force Protection Program.5. Supports mobilization station requirements.(c) The ACOM, ASCC, or DRU on IMCOM managed installations.1. leave alone to IMCOM a prioritized list of MCA/MCAR projects and requirements that impact subordinate units to support the development of the military construction (MILCON) program and the program objective memorandum.2. Provide IMCOM with subordinate mission priority requirements for MILCON and base operations.3. Identify to IMCOM, through the CLS process and other requirements development processes, the required levels of garrison support needed to meet mission requirements. Also, identify to IMCOM any support requirements not included in CLS services. Collaborate with IMCOM in developing garrison support requirements that are applicable to all garrisons.4. Evaluate the effectiveness of installation services and support and participate in the prioritization of these services and support.5. Responsible for mobilization of subordinates as spec ified in AR 1087. 6.Provide prioritization requirements for information technology and educational activity enabler support to IMCOM. 7. Responsibilities for FP are (a) OCONUS The Geographic Combatant commander exercises Combatant Command (Command Authority) (COCOM) authority over all aspects of FP in the AOR and delegates authority for FP as deemed appropriate and necessary. This includes all aspects of FP on Army installations without exception (b) CONUS Commander, USNORTHCOM has tactical control (for FP) over all DOD personnel and assets in the AOR. USARNORTH is designated as USNORTHCOMs ASCC the authority to execute the FP mission in CONUS is delegated from Commander, USNORTHCOM(1) USARNORTH has direct command and control authority over commands when penalize FP responsibilities for installations/facilities (FP reporting commands/SCs when executing FP responsibilities for installations/facilities) (2) USARNORTH has a supported/supporting relationship with commands not executin g responsibilities for installations/facilities (FP supporting commands). (d) Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management. The ACSIM is the proponent for all Army installations and in this capacity is responsible for installation policy development and writ of execution Armywide. The ACSIM does not exercise command authority over Army installations.1. The ACSIM ensures that real property accountability and reporting is implemented at all installations (see AR 40545).2. The ACSIM manages HQDA level MILCON in accordance with HQDA priorities and guidance.3. The ACSIM is the proponent for environmental policy Armywide. (e) Installation Management Command. The ACSIM is dual-hatted as the Commander of IMCOM. IMCOM is a DRU reporting to the ACSIM as described in AR 1087. IMCOM manages Army installations assigned to it. IMCOM executes installation readiness missions, provides equitable services and facilities, optimizes resources, sustains the environment, and enhances the well-be ing of the military community. IMCOM is accountable for the efficient delivery of installation services and support. The IMCOM is reactive to ACOMs, ASCCs, and DRUs through a supporting to supported relationship.1. IMCOM commands the garrisons assigned to it.2. IMCOM and its subordinate organizations are supporting commands to the SCon IMCOM installations. There is a requirement for a strong collaborative relationship between the SC and the IMCOM RD. The SC commands the installation but funding of almost all installation activities flows through the RD.3. The relationship between IMCOM and the commands of tenant organizations is analogous to the supporting to supported command relationship described in Joint Doctrine.4. The IMCOM RD rates the GC.5. IMCOM ensures compliance with HQDA directed programs and CLS bands. IMCOM staffs and coordinates with 8 AR 60020 18 March 2008HQDA funding requests for garrison support requirements identified by ACOM, ASCC, or DRUs that are not include d in CLS services.6. There is a difference between command relationship in CONUS and OCONUS for IMCOM installations. These relationships are depicted in figure 21..

Influence of alcohol on youths life Essay

Alcohol insult among the youths has become a major(ip) concern in the recent chivalric in various parts of the realness. Alcohol is one of the close to debauchd drugs with more than 60% of homesteads having access to alcoholic drink. While in the past alcohol was not termed as a drug, today it is the leading(p) give birth of many deaths in the United States especially among the youths. Alcohol use and deprave by the youths has significant impact on their mental give risement and different(a) health issues.Alcohol has been known to compromise the capability of a person to perform round of the normal tasks and in any case other complex tasks, the ability brain cells to retrieve knowledge and it alike slows information recording by the brain cells. Alcohol to a fault has the stamp of degrading coordination and slowing down reaction process. Apart from destroying the brain, alcohol abuse leads to other physical health problems as salubrious as affable and economic problems (Buddy, parity 2).Currently, most youths drink due to peer influence or just to appear superior to their peers. boozing has become a major problem in most colleges as more young nation engage in alcohol swallow. In America for example, research has established that nearly 50% of all students consume alcohol thus far before they reach their 8th grade (National prove on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), para 1). This trend continues as the students continue to 12th grade with the frequency at which alcohol increasing as students sets on adolescent and early adulthood.Some of the contradict impacts associated with youth drinking include risky sexual activities, high risks to societies and individuals through road accidents and succeeding deaths, alcohol stimulated or induced brain damage, change magnitude crime such(prenominal)(prenominal) as homicide, assaults and rapes all associated with alcohol, poor academic performance and poor general health of youths who nonplus alcohol among other effects (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), para 1-2). This research paper will thus evaluate the various negative effects that alcohol abuse has on youths lives as well as their families and the society as a whole.Effects of alcohol abuse on youths As mentioned earlier, alcohol abuse is the leading cause of deaths in the United States as well as other parts of the world. Unlike in the past where terminal illnesses were ranked as the premier killers in the world, today alcohol has been identified as the major killer around the world a scenario which has been attributed to the exposure of individuals to alcohol. Alcohol is one of the oldest drugs in the world. However, its abuse especially among the youths has increased in the recent past and its effects argon felt across all nations (Felsted, pp 16).One of the major impacts of alcohol abuse on youths lives is that it interferes with the normal breeding process of the brains. Cur rent research has established that brain development continues through the early twenties in a person. However, the pre-frontal cortex which is the part which is responsible for controlling cognitive ability and reasoning develops later in life as it takes a longer time to mature. Drinking in the early ages by a person (before the complete development and maturity of the brain) thus affects a person memory as it damages the vicinity of the pre frontal cortex. to the highest degree of the youths who begin drinking do so at tender ages when their brain cells argon still at the development stages. Brain cells develop when individuals be young and excessive drinking interferes with this development making young pot more ineffective and un fruitful. Research has established that most of the youths start drinking before the age of 16 (Barnes & Brown, pp 45). During this period, it is the time when brain cells fully mature and intoxication with alcohol reduces or interferes with hormone release and functioning.Excessive use of alcohol reduces the capability of the brain to coordinate and integrate information thus interfering with good conclusiveness making process (Barnes & Brown, pp 45). Academic degradation is another effect of alcohol abuse amongst the youths. As mentioned above, alcohol interferes with effective brain development as well as the ability of the brain to integrate and coordinate information to make meaty translation of assimilated information. The ability of a person to comprehend and perform complex tasks and too to control impulses is controlled by the pre-frontal cortex which is unmake by early age drinking.Alcohol abuse also slows down a persons ability to be creative and make mature and meaningful decisions. roughly of the youths who abuse alcohol ar in their college levels or junior classes. Due to the negative impact alcohol abuse has on brain development and concentration capability, such youths end up performing poorly in their co urse work. Poor academic performance has various implications both in the compendious run and long run life of a youth. Mostly, students who perform poorly in class or course work end up get poor grades which in turn forces the students to retake a course or a unit.Students who are forced to retake a course ordinarily line up it to be offensive and end up dropping out of school. This has further implications in their later life as it is difficult to find a pin job without good grades. Also, students who perform poorly in their academics are unlikely to find good jobs to support them and their families in the future. They thus end up with dark collar jobs which are not capable of supporting them financially in the long run (Buddy, para 4-6). Poor academic performance by youths and the subsequent loss of welfare has significant impact not only to the youths but also the communities in which they live in.Youths are the energetic and creative generation which is empower to take u p community development projects and to take care of the younger ones in their families in cases where parents are old or incapacitated. When youths are involved in alcohol abuse, they are unable to bring development in their communities thus affecting the overall development of these areas. Also, the government loses out as there are few youths to employ in more sophisticated careers thus end up importing professionals which can be costly.Alcohol has not only destroyed the future lives of youths but it has also destroyed the welfare of the families, societies and the overall economic growth of a country (Barnes & Brown, pp 76). Another negative impact of alcohol abuse among the youths is that it leads to loss of jobs thus economic welfare. Alcohol is very addictive and once addicted a person becomes alcohol dependence and cannot work effectively without it. at one time in the blood stream, alcohol changes the normal functioning systems and makes it to become dependent on alcohol f or functioning.Most of the young adults have lost some esteemed jobs due to alcohol dependence and abuse. Once fully addicted, a person cannot perform his or her duties and thus end up being retrenched or laid off from their work places. Loss of economic welfare renders a person incapable of feeding and taking care of his or her family leading to marital problems which may even lead to divorce or separation. Domestic violence associated with alcohol and drug abuse is the main reason given by most people while filing for a divorce. Alcoholics tend to become untamed and unruly which have negative impacts on the children development.Most children who are brought up in families characterized by domestic violence tend to become reserved and perform poorly in class and they may even become violent later in their lives. Young married couples who abuse alcohol are more likely to raise unhealthy families and are even more likely to be violent and disorderly (NIAAA, para 5).Alcohol abuse among the youths also leads to increased crime and homicide cases. In America for example, over 36% cases of homicide which are reported are link to alcohol intoxication and abuse. 0% of these cases are reported to have been exciteted by young persons under the age of 25 years whose history keep in line excessive use of alcohol (Felsted, pp 22). Alcohol has different effects on adults and youths which make these two groups of individuals to behave different while under its effects. In adults, alcohol acts as a sedative which makes the adults to be more controlled even after they are totally drunk. On the contrary, alcohol acts as a stimulator for young people which make them to drink past the necessary or judicial limits.Alcohol brings some kind of energy in young people which stimulates them to do things they would sooner not do while sober. This explains why more homicide cases which are reported to be carried out by young people are linked to alcoholism. otherwise crimes wh ich are commonly committed by young persons while under the influence of alcohol include rape cases, assaults and robberies. In America for example, over 45% of all rape cases are committed by young adults between the ages of 19 and 23 years while 44% of robberies and over 35% of assaults are all alcohol related.This is still the trend in most of the colleges where over 90% of all college rapes and violence are directly related to alcohol abuse. Most of the young persons who are imprisoned for homicide cases and rape cases attribute their actions to alcohol intoxication (Felsted, pp 25). Alcohol abuse amongst the youths is also an avenue through which most of the young persons are introduced to hard drugs such as cocaine, brown sugar, heroine and bhang. Young people are usually very eager and anxious to try out new things and make out being adventurous.However, under the influence of alcohol, they become more vulnerable to be introduced to other dangerous drugs which are more fatal to their health as well as their lives. Under the influence of alcohol, young people are unable to make rational decisions which make it easy for them to fall prey of hard drugs abuse. Most of the young people who are today addicted to drugs say they were first introduced to such drugs during a drinking spree. Once introduced to such drugs, it becomes difficult to quit and even treat. Other health complications may arise which may not only be costly to treat but may lead to death.Drug addiction is hard to quit hence it can easily destroy the live of the youth (Barnes & Brown, pp 109). Death is also another negative impact of alcohol on youths today. Alcohol intoxicates the mind making a person to act and behave irrationally. As already mentioned, youths are in their development stages and they are very energetic, remarkable and explorative. Unlike their counterpart adults, they tend to make decisions at impulse without thinking of the consequences that may accrue. Most of the yout hs who commit suicide are said to have forward being intoxicated with alcohol and other drugs.Alcohol is a leading cause of suicide cases which are reported around the world. Apart from suicide, most youths also meet their death while driving under the influence of alcohol. It is normal for the youths to explore and try out different things to satisfy their curiosity. Drinking is one of the office of doing this and at times they end up driving under this condition. This is dangerous as a person is not mentally and physically stable to front which leads to major road accidents and deaths. Accidents caused by driving under the influence of alcohol are usually fatal and may cause further harm to other motorists and pedestrians as well.Families end up losing their children in such accidents all due to alcohol abuse. Another influence of alcohol on youths is that it leads to increased sexual use amongst the youths which exposes them to dangers of contracting sexually transmitted dise ases some of which may be terminal such as AIDS. Alcohol intoxicates a person and hinders rational thinking and decision making. Under the influence of alcohol, youths engage in sexual activities without reasoning or even taking precaution. This exposes or makes them vulnerable of contracting sexually transmitted diseases.Currently, most of the persons living with HIV/AIDS virus are young people and they attribute it to alcohol and drug abuse. Such diseases are terminal and before a youth realizes he or she is infected, he can pass it over to others especially when drunk. Once infected with sexually transmitted diseases especially those which are terminal, a person feels worthless and may even become ill to an extent that he or she cannot work normally or may even commit suicide. Youths who are energetic, creative and future leaders and pillars of the world thus end up dying due to alcohol abuse (NIAAA, para 7).Alcohol also leads to poverty both for the youths and their families in that once a youth becomes infected with sexually transmitted diseases their families are forced to cater for him which requires finances. Alcohol also has other health issues in the lives of youths. Alcohol is the leading cause of liver cirrhosis and kidney failure problems. Such diseases require a lot of money to treat and usually lead to diversion of money from other family welfare issues. This may easily lead to family poverty thus further complications in family matters.Alcohol abuse among the youths also leads to stress among the family members as they try to help the addicted person. Apart from economic constraints in the family for medical care, excessive alcohol especially amongst the youths makes them to become unruly and disorderly. They may also become abusive both physically and emotionally and sometimes sexually. This may cause trauma in families and may even attract legal suits against the perpetrator. Most of the youths are incarcerated as a result of alcohol abuse. T his is also costly to their families as well as the youths (Felsted, pp 43-46).Alcohol drinking by the youths also affects their reproductive and maturation systems. During puberty and adolescence, young people experience rapid growth and set the onset of maturity to adulthood. During this growth and development process, different hormones are released to aid in maturity of an individual and development of reproductive system. Alcohol destroys or tampers with the production of growth hormones thus slowing growth and development of productive organs, bones, and muscles. Excessive alcohol intake by youths especially in males can cause impotence or immaturity in development of sexual organs.Women who take excessive alcohol during their youth may also become infertile or develop other fertility complications in the future. This affects the future reproductive health of an individual as such people may become incapable of procreating. This is also a major reason for family breakups and d ivorces in the world (Barnes & Brown, pp 116). Another heath effect of alcohol intake among the youths is that it lowers the immune system. Exposure to alcohol especially during the youthful years leads to suppression of the immune system of an individual making such a person vulnerable to illnesses and diseases.Chronic exposure to alcohol changes the pattern in which hormones are released in the body. Hormones are the ones which stimulate the immune system in the body and once they are altered, the immunity of a person is affected greatly. Low immune system exposes a person to various kinds of health risks and diseases such as liver damage (NIAAA, para 9). Alcohol abuse by youths affects their behavioral development. Usually, youths who are under the influence of alcohol tend to be yob and disorganized and pick fights with almost everybody even their parents and teachers.In colleges, such students education is terminated which may mean end of their careers and aspirations. Termin ation of education also kernel that they cannot get better paying jobs due to lack of proper school qualifications and certificates. Alcohol makes the youths behave in an immature and irresponsible manner despite where they are. Behaving irresponsibly also has legal implications on youths. Most of the rowdy youths who become a public nuisance are picked up by the authorities and may be taken to rehabilitation centers or juvenile courts.This delays their education and prolongs their time in school which in some instances can be humiliating especially when a student is schooling with younger students. Such students may end up dropping out of school which further decreases their chances of getting good jobs. Alcohol chiefly leads to poverty in the long run for the youths (Felsted, pp 67-68). Conclusion Youth drinking has become a major concern in most parts of the world due to the negative impact alcohol has had on the young generation. The youth comprise of over 30% of the total pop ulation and they comprise the future generational leaders.Alcohol has however changed some of the youths and corrupted their energetic and agile minds rendering such youths almost useless to the global economy. Alcohol abuse among the youths is the leading cause for their deaths, poor performance thus poor paying jobs for the youths, diversion of family financial resources to cater for huge medical bills associated with alcohol related ailments, diseases and rehabilitation costs. Effects of alcohol on youths awareness campaigns should be planned to ensure that the future generation is protected.

Succession Planning Case Study

1. What key differences seem to distinguish successful from unsuccessful leading- period processes?One major difference in the successful leadership period process is the how the flow of information works between the current leader, and the one that forget soon assume over. The new one is groomed along with way, making for an easy transition with few bumps in the road regarding trust with current employees. binding an internal source is even better because they already know the ins and the outs of the company. Recent data indicate that only about half of public and private incorporate boards have CEO-succession plans in place.This is the case even at giant global companies that have thousands of employees and spend millions each year to recruit and train talent (Cascio, 2013, p. 157). The companies that take the time to do succession planning are the same companies that are growing and thriving despite having any issues with CEOs through the years.On the other hand a company w ho flies by the seat of their pants so to speak, and does not plan for any crisis in the CEO department is found scrambling.3. If leadership succession is so important, why dont more companies do a better job of it?The prerequisite for organizational growth and success lies in identifying, development and retaining leaders with the right talents and effectively managing a dynamic succession plan (Gallup, 2013). Leadership transition presents companies with a remarkable opportunity to move forward with a newunderstanding of the complexities, challenges, and changes their organization must address (Mamprin, A. 2002).Despite the importance of leadership succession, most companies do not do a better job of leadership succession because at the heart of succession lie personality, ego, power, and most importantly, mortality (Cascio, 2013). Most people in leadership position believe that building a cadre of potential leaders is a sure route to oblivion, failure and organizational death ( Cascio, 2013). However, a lack of succession planning can adversely affect an organization in a variety of ways, from the absence of strategic direction to decreased productivity to weakened financial performance (CareerBuilder, 2011).According to a new CareerBuilder survey, nearly one-third (31 percent) of companies with more than 1,000 employees said they dont currently have a succession planning program at their organization. In addition, 50 percent of senior management (CEO, CFO, Senior VP, etc.) and 52 percent of those in a vice president position said they do not have a successor for their current role. The survey was conducted online by Harris Interactive on behalf of CareerBuilder from February 21 through March 10, 2011 among more than 1000 employers with 1,001 or more employees. (CareerBuilder, 2011)

Discovering Emotional Labour Essay

Emotional work is the control of a persons feeling in order to parade the appropriate emotions to others in contrary situations (Hochschild, 1983 Pg. 7). In other words, a person has to put a military position his or her stimulate feelings and shows the right emotions in the right place at the right time. This impression can be applied to many aspects of our daily life and when used in terms of it being sold for a wage, Hochschild (1983) define it as steamy jade. By focusing on the renovation industries, this essay will discuss Hochschilds account of emotional labour and look into certain argonas of headache caused by it.Although the practice of emotional work can be link all the way back to the ancient time, the term emotional labour is considered to be relatively new and is first discussed in Arlie Hochschilds (1983) book, The Managed Heart. With the rise of the post-industrial work, there had been a significant increase of the service sector during the late 1900s (Hochsch ild, 1983 Pg. 9). In fact, 1 now interacts with other individuals rather than work with a machine (Hochschild, 1983 Pg. 9). Thus, this gives rise to the importance of interpersonal skills and the use of emotional labour (Hochschild, 1983 Pg. ).Whenever a person changes his or her emotions, tone, body language, etc. to conform to an ideal, it is considered as emotional labour (Hochschild, 1983 Pg. 7). It is practiced widely in many forms of modern work. A flight attendance rejoiced warmly while serving each and every passengers, a cafe barista showing enthusiasm when making coffee, and a nurse showing care and concern when helping a patient. All of the above are examples of emotional labour. With it being a major part of our behavior today, it is vital that we look more deeply to understand how emotional labour works.Hochschild discussed two types of emotional acting surface acting and deep acting. Surface acting is the act of putting on or showing an emotion without truly feeling that emotion inside oneself (Hochschild, 1983 Pg. 35). This means that one has to suppress his or her negative emotions, such as sadness, anger, boredom, etc. , and disp secular positive emotions, such as happiness, care, excitement, etc. There have been concerns being brought up regarding the use of surface acting, as it can lead to serious side effects such as depression.On the other hand, deep acting is the act of putting on an emotion that one truly feels inside (Hochschild, 1983 Pg. 35). This is through either by showing the emotion that we really feel or by true method acting. True method acting works by thinking of our past experiences we try to encourage the real emotion that we may not have felt otherwise (Hochschild, 1983 Pg. 38). In terms of emotional labour, we are often referring to true method acting which is very much similar to surface acting, one lacks the freedom to genuinely display his or herself during work. Now girls, I require you to go out there and really grinning. Your grimace is your biggest asset. I want you to go out there and use it. Smile. Really smile. Really lay it on (Hochschild, 1983 Pg. 4). A pilot tells the above to the trainees of Delta Airline Stewardess Training Center. This clearly shows how much the airline focuses on the value of a personal smile to reflect it companys identity rather than its flight safety or the punctuality of its flight departures and arrivals (Hochschild, 1983 Pg. 4).Another good example would be the baristas working in the world largest cafe chains, Starbucks Coffee being remained consistently by their managers to provide customers with the Starbucks finger. Baristas are told to put up a cheerful and warm front, connect with the customers and to develop the say yes attitude. In fact, beside Starbucks, many other food and beverage businesses today have already move on to focus on their customer service rather than focusing solely on the quality and taste of their products.There has been muc h discussion of emotional labour being Taylorized. Hochschild (1983) compared the labour of a factory worker and a flight colleague. She mentioned that a factory worker is simply doing physical work while a flight attendant has to do physical and mental labour, as well as also emotional work (Hochschild, 1983 Pg. 6). Quite similar to Frederick Taylors calibration of the physical movements of industrial workers in the early 1900s, scientific management is now used to the mass production of emotional movements (Fineman, 2003 Pg. 33).For example, Disney provides prescriptions to their trainees to always reach out eye contact and smile, greet and pleasant each and every guest, say thank you to each and every guest, etc. (Fineman, 2003 Pg. 32). The Disney look also extends to body appearances, such as hair length and style, make up, body fragrance, nails length and colour (Fineman, 2003 Pg. 32). Besides Disney, a huge number of companies are also transforming emotional labour on a gr and scurf (Fineman, 2003 Pg. 33). This is because of the economical benefit of doing so (Fineman, 2003 Pg. 33).If employees are able to give the customers a good experience, make them feel welcome and special, then the customers may repeat their bawl out and purchase (Fineman, 2003 Pg. 33). This greatly concept greatly encourages firms to exploit the use of emotional labour (Fineman, 2003 Pg. 33). The smile of a salesman is seen as a key feature of a good employee attitude and customer satisfaction (Fineman, 2003 Pg. 33). The infectious smile is regarded as sources of competitive advantage. (Fineman, 2003 Pg. 33). As time goes by and till today, we all expect service to be smiling (Fineman, 2003 Pg. 3). Many see emotional labour as a potentially good as no customer will want his or her mood to be spoiled by a surly waitress or a crabby banker (Hochschild, 1983 Pg. 9). Today, it is common to have the thinking that we concede for good service and expect it to be provided (Hochschi ld, 1983 Pg. 9). However, there are several areas of concern caused by emotional labour. Disney or Macdonald in the process of creating standards of their Dreamland Experience or the Big Mac, at the same time also produce emotion in their employees (Fineman, 2003 Pg. 34).The employees have to perform interpersonal work within them to grow the ever-present smile, politeness when under pressure and suppression of annoyances and fatigue (Fineman, 2003 Pg. 35). For those that uses deep acting to perform their work started to feel that they are beginning to lose their own identity (Fineman, 2003 Pg. 35). Fineman (2003) mentions that the flight attendances were so into their work role that they began confuse of their identity, especially their sexuality. Others prefer to take on the job by surface acting, putting up the show, looking right and no more (Fineman, 2003 Pg. 5). Using surface acting can still cause one to breakdown under pressure, when their anger, irritation or rebellion bre akthrough (Fineman, 2003 Pg. 35). Beside psychological issue, there are also cultural issues of concern over emotional labour. Many fast-food workers are immigrants who have little to smile about when they arrive at work (Fineman, 2003 Pg. 36). A majority of them have many problems and faces much worry inside them but they are still judge to put up the smile (Fineman, 2003 Pg. 36).Another cultural issue is that not all social-cultural background support smiling in commercial exchange. However, by standardizing even up the emotional aspect, MacDonald except all their staff in all countries and cultural background to smile at their customers (Fineman, 2003 Pg. 36). For example, in Japan native Japanese business community were taught to smile to help them with international deals (Fineman, 2003 Pg. 42). However, this is a huge conflict with the traditional Japanese way, where instant smile is considered as a cultural insult (Fineman, 2003 Pg. 42).In conclusion, due to the emerging s ervice sector work in the late 1900s and the transformation of emotional labour on grand scale through standardization and training, we all expect service to be smiling today. No doubt, it is consider as potentially good, no one will like their mood to be affect by the others. However, there are also areas of concern over the psychological and cultural issues that arise from the use of emotional labour. Therefore, it is important for us to consider and perhaps not overly exploit the use of emotional labour for own good.

Art and Craft Essay

fraud has had a great number of diverse licks throughout its history, making its purpose difficult to abstract or quantify to any mavin concept. This does not imply that the purpose of Art is vague, tho that it has had many unique, different reasons for being created. Some of these functions of Art are provided in the following outline. The different purposes of stratagemifice may be grouped according to those that are non-motivated, and those that are motivated (Levi-Strauss).Non-motivated functions of art The non-motivated purposes of art are those that are integral to being human, outgo the individual, or do not fulfill a specific external purpose. Aristotle said, Imitation, then, is one instinct of our nature. 16 In this sense, Art, as creativity, is something humans must do by their very nature (i. e. , no other species creates art), and is therefore beyond utility. Basic human instinct for capital of New Hampshire, balance, rhythm.Art at this level is not an action or an object, but an internal appreciation of balance and harmony (beauty), and therefore an aspect of being human beyond utility. Imitation, then, is one instinct of our nature. Next, there is the instinct for harmony and rhythm, meters being manifestly sections of rhythm. Persons, therefore, starting with this natural gift developed by degrees their special aptitudes, till their rude improvisations gave comport to Poetry. -Aristotle 17 Experience of the mysterious. Art provides a mode to experience ones self in relation to the universe. This experience may often come unmotivated, as one appreciates art, music or poetry. The virtually beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the source of all true art and science. -Albert Einstein 18 Expression of the imagination. Art provide a means to crush out the imagination in non-grammatic ways that are not tied to the formality of spoken or written language.Unlike words, which come in sequences and each of which pay bac k a definite meaning, art provides a range of forms, symbols and ideas with meanings that are maleable. Jupiters eagle as an example of art is not, like logical (aesthetic) attributes of an object, the concept of the sublimity and majesty of creation, but rather something else something that gives the imagination an incentive to spread its flight over a whole host of kindred representations that provoke more thought than admits of stockion in a concept determined by words.They furnish an aesthetic idea, which allots the above rational idea as a substitute for logical presentation, but with the proper function, however, of enlivening the mind by opening out for it a prospect into a field of kindred representations stretching beyond its ken. -Immanuel Kant19 Universal communication. Art allows the individual to express things toward the world as a whole. according to whom? Earth artists often create art in remote locations that will never be experienced by another(prenominal) p erson.The practice of placing a cairn, or pile of stones at the top of a mountain, is an example. (Note This need not send word a particular view of God, or religion. ) Art created in this way is a form of communication between the individual and the world as a whole. citation needed Ritualistic and symbolic functions. In many cultures, art is used in rituals, performances and dances as a decoration or symbol. While these often have no specific utilitarian (motivated) purpose, anthropologists know that they often serve a purpose at the level of meaning within a particular culture.This meaning is not furnished by any one individual, but is often the result of many generations of change, and of a cosmological relationship within the culture. Most scholars who deal with rock paintings or objects recovered from prehistoric contexts that cannot be explained in utilitarian terms and are thus categorized as decorative, ritual or symbolic, are aware of the trap posed by the term art. -Sil va Tomaskova20 Motivated functions of art Motivated purposes of art refer to intentional, conscious actions on the part of the artists or creator.These may be to bring roughly governmental change, to chit-chat on an aspect of society, to convey a specific emotion or mood, to address personal psychology, to illustrate another discipline, to (with commercial arts) to sell a product, or simply as a form of communication. Communication. Art, at its simplest, is a form of communication. As most forms of communication have an intent or goal say toward another individual, this is a motivated purpose. Illustrative arts, such as scientific illustration, are a form of art as communication.Maps are another example. However, the matter need not be scientific. Emotions, moods and feelings are also communicated through art. Art is a set of artefacts or images with symbolic meanings as a means of communication. -Steve Mithen21 Art as entertainment. Art may seek to bring about a particular em otion or mood, for the purpose of relaxing or entertaining the viewer. This is often the function of the art industries of Motion Pictures and Video Games. The Avante-Garde. Art for political change.One of the defining functions of early twentieth century art has been to use visual images to bring about political change. Art movements that had this goalDadaism, Surrealism, Russian Constructivism, and Abstract Expressionism, among othersare collectively referred to as the avante-garde arts. By contrast, the realistic attitude, inspired by positivism, from Saint Thomas doubting Thomas to Anatole France, clearly seems to me to be hostile to any intellectual or moral advancement. I loathe it, for it is made up of mediocrity, hate, and dull conceit.It is this attitude which today gives birth to these ridiculous books, these insulting plays. It constantly feeds on and derives strength from the newspapers and stultifies both science and art by assiduously flattering the lowest of tastes cl arity bordering on stupidity, a dogs life. -Andre Breton (Surrealism)22 Art for psychological and healing purposes. Art is also used by art therapists, psychotherapists and clinical psychologists as art therapy. The Diagnostic order of payment Series, for example, is used to determine the personality and emotional functioning of a patient.The end product is not the principal goal in this case, but rather a process of healing, through creative acts, is sought. The resultant piece of artwork may also offer insight into the troubles experienced by the subject and may suggest suitable approaches to be used in more conventional forms of psychiatric therapy. Art for social inquiry, subversion and/or anarchy. While similar to art for political change, subversive or deconstructivist art may seek to question aspects of society without any specific political goal. In this case, the function of art may be simply to criticize some aspect of society.

The Sectional Struggle, Reborn: 1848-1854

APUSH Study function 17 The Sectional Struggle, Reborn, 1848-1854 Themes/Constructs The sectional scrap oer the expansion of hard workerry that erupted after the Mexican war was temporarily silenced by the via media of 1850, but Douglass Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 re-ignited the issue again. In the 1850s American expansion in the West and the Caribbean was passing contr all everyplacesial because it was tied to the slavery question. The acquisition of territory from Mexico created acute vernal dilemmas concerning the expansion of slavery, especially for the 2 major parties, which had long tried to avoid the issue.The antislavery Free Soil society pushed the issue into the election of 1848. The natural covering of g ancient-rich California for admission to the totality forced the controversy into the Senate, which engaged in stormy debate over slavery and the jointure. After the untimely death of President Taylor, who had blocked a settlement, Congress resolved the cris is by passing the delicate compromise of 1850. The compromise eased sectional tension for the moment, although the Fugitive Slave virtue aroused opposition in the uniting. As the Whig troupe died, the Democratic Pierce administration became the tool of proslavery expansionists.Controversies over Nicaragua, Cuba, and the Gadsden Purchase showed that expansionism was closely linked to the slavery issue. The desire for a Union railroad r knocked out(p)e guide Stephen Douglas to ram the Kansas-Nebraska Act through Congress in 1854. By repealing the Missouri agree and making new territory subject to popular sovereignty on slavery, this act aroused the fury of the North, sparked the rise of the republican Party, and set the stage for the obliging fight. harm/names/topics Gen. Lewis Cas popular sovereignty Zachary Taylor Free Soil Party conscious Whigs Martin Van BurenElection of 1848 gold fever California Constitution (1849) Texas boundary dispute ohmic resistance Railroadstatio nspassengers conductors Harriet Tubman Immortal TrioClay, Calhoun, Webster Great PacificatorGreat Nullifier Millard Fillmore Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Law (1850) Franklin Piercesecond dark horse Winfield Scott (Whig) Election of 1852 Jefferson DavisSecretary of War slavocrats William Walker Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) Cuban filibustering expeditions Ostend Manifesto Crimean War Gadsden Purchase (1853) Stephen A.Douglas Repeal of the Missouri Compromise Kansas-Nebraska board (1854) The new Republican Party bygone APUSH essay questions from this country of study 1. Although histori beefy represented as distinct parties, the Federalists and Whigs, in fact, shared a common political ideology, represented many of the same stake groups, and proposed similar programs and policies. Assess the validness of this record. (FRQ, 1991) 2. Discuss the impact of territorial expansion on home(a) symmetry between 1800 and 1850. (FRQ, 1997) APUSH Study Guide 18 Th e Road to War, 1854-1861 Historians judgementthrong McPherson, from ordeal By Fire The Civil War and reconstruction (1992) The social and political strains produced by rapid maturement provoked repeated crises that be to bankrupt the republic. From the beginning, these strains were associated mainly with slavery. The geographical division of the country into free and slave states ensured that the crisis would take the form of sectional conflict. Each section evolved institutions and set based on its labor system. These values in turn generated ideologies that justified each sections institutions and condemned those of the other. For three-quarters of a century the two sections North and federation coexisted nether one flag because the centripetal forces of nationalismthe shared memories of a common struggle for nationhoodproved stronger than the centrifugal forces of sectionalism. But as wee as 1787, conflict over slavery at the constitutional traffic pattern al closely b roke up the Union before it was fairly launched. Themes/Constructs A series of major North- southwest crisis in the late 1850s culminated in the election of the antislavery Republican Abraham Lincoln to the presidency in 1860.His election caused seven confederate states to secede from the Union and form the pardner States of America. The 1850s were punctuated by successive confrontations that deepened sectional hostility until it broke out in the Civil War. Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin fanned northern antislavery feelings. In Kansas, proslavery and antislavery forces fought a bloody little preview of the Civil War. Buchanans support of the proslavery Lecompton Constitution alienated moderate northern Democrats like Douglas. Congressman Brooks beating of Senator Sumner aroused passions on both sections.The Democratic Party dissolve along sectional lines, allowing Lincoln to win the four-way 1860 election. Seven southern states quickly seceded and organized the Confede rate States of America. As southerners optimistically cast off their ties to the hated North, lame-duck President Buchanan proved unable to act. The last minute Crittenden Compromise fai direct because of Lincolns opposition. Terms/names/topics Harriet Beecher StoweUncle Toms Cabin Hinton R. HelperImpending Crisis of the South New England Immigrant attend to Company Beechers Bibles Burning of Lawrence hindquarters Br havePottawatomie Creek Lecompton Constitution Bleeding Kansas Charles SumnerPreston Brooks Election of 1856James Buchanan Nativists American PartyKnow-Nothing Party John C. Fremont Dred Scott decision Panic of 1857 Abortive homestead Act (1860) Tariff of 1857 Lincoln-Douglas debates Freeport Doctrine John BrownHarpers Ferry Charleston Nominating Convention John C. Breckenridge Constitutional Union Party Republican Party platform (1860) Election of 1860 Secession of South Carolina Jefferson Davis lame duck interlude Crittenden CompromiseSelf-determination southerly nati onalism Past APUSH essay questions from this area of study 1. To what extent was President-elect Abraham Lincoln responsible for the defeat of the Crittenden final cause on the territorial expansion of slavery? (DBQ, 1974Mr. D has the documents) 2. John Browns raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in October 1859, involved only a handful of abolitionists, freed no slaves, and was over in two days. Although many blueers condemned the raid, by 1863 John Brown had beget a hero and kill in the North.To what extent and in what ways do the views about John Brown expressed in the documents illustrate changing North-South relations between 1859 and 1863? (DBQ, 1982Mr. D has the documents) 3. Throughout our history, the Supreme Court has acted as a partisan political body rather than a neutral arbiter of constitutional principles. Assess the validity of this generalization for the plosive speech sound 1800-1860. (FRQ, 1984) 4. By the 1850s, the Constitution, originally framed as an instrument of national unity, had become a source of sectional discord and tension and last-ditchly contributed to the failure of the Union it had created.Using the documents and your knowledge of the period 1850-1861, assess the validity of this command. (DBQ, 1987Mr. D has the documents) 5. I am not, nor have ever been, in favor of pitch about in any way, the social and political equality of the exsanguine and black races. How can this 1858 statement of Abraham Lincoln be reconciled with his 1862 Emancipation Proclamation? (FRQ, 1988) 6. Analyze the ways in which supporters of slavery in the nineteenth century used legal, religious, and stinting arguments to defend the institution of slavery. (FRQ, 1995) . Assess the moral arguments and political actions of those unlike to the spread of slavery in the context of TWO of the following (FRQ, 2000) Missouri Compromise Mexican War Compromise of 1850 Kansas-Nebraska Act 8. Analyze the efficaciousness of political com promise in reducing sectional tensions in the period 1820 to 1861. (FRQ, 2004) APUSH Study Guide 19 Building the War, battle the War, 1861-1865 Historians view James McPherson, from encounter Cry of Freedom (1988)A view of the Civil War as expanding national baron and Northern economic dominance The old federal republic in which the national government had rarely touched the average citizen except through the post-office gave way to a more centralized polity that taxed the pile directly and created an internal revenue bureau to collect taxes, drafted men into the army, expanded the jurisdiction of the federal courts, created a national currency and a national banking system, and established the first national agency for social offbeatthe Freedmens Bureau. These changes in the federal balance paralleled a radical shift of political cause from South to North.The accession to power of the Republican Party, with its ideology of competitive, egalitarian, free-labor capitalism, was a signal to the South that Union victory in the war destroyed the southern vision of America and ensured that the northern vision would become the American vision. Themes/Constructs Building for War The North legally brought to bear its long-term advantages of industrial might and human race resources to wage a devastating total war against the South. The war helped organize and modernize northern society, dapple the South, despite heroic efforts, was economically and socially crushed.Lincolns skillful political leadership helped prevail the crucial Border States in the Union and maintain northern morale, while his effective diplomacy unplowed Britain and France from aiding the Confederacy. South Carolinas firing on Fort Sumter aroused the North for war. Lincolns call for troops to suppress the rebellion drove four upper South states into the Confederacy. Lincoln used an effective combination of political persuasion and force to keep the deeply divided Border States in the Uni on The Confederacy enjoyed initial advantages of upper-class European support, military leadership, and a defensive position on its own soil.The North enjoyed the advantages of lower-class European support, industrial and population resources, and political leadership. The British upper classes sympathized with the South and abetted Confederate maritime efforts. But effective diplomacy and Union military success thwarted those efforts and kept Britain as well as France neutral in the war. Lincolns political leadership proved effective in mobilizing the North for war, despite political opposition and resistance to his infringement on civil liberties.The North eventually mobilized its larger troop resources for war and eventual(prenominal)ly turned to an unpopular and unfair draft system. Northern economic and financial strengths it to gain an advantage over the less-industrialized South. The changes in society opened new opportunities for women, who had contributed significantly t o the war effort in both the North and the South. Since most of the war was waged on Southern soil, the South was left devastated by the war. Fighting the War The Civil War, begun as a limited struggle over the Union, eventually became a total war to end slavery and transform the nation.After several eld of seesaw struggle, the Union armies under U. S. Grant finally wore down the Southern forces under Robert E. Lee and discomfited the Confederate bid for independence as well as the institution of slavery. The Union defeat at Bull Run ended Northern complacency about a quick victory. George McClellan and other early Union generals proved unable to defeat the tactically brilliant Confederate armies under Lee. The Union naval blockade put a slow but devastating noose around the South. The political and diplomatical dimensions of the war became critical.In order to retain the border states, Lincoln first de-emphasized any intention to destroy slavery. But the Battle of Antietam in 1862 enabled Lincoln to prevent foreign intervention and turn the struggle into a war against slavery. shockings and abolitionists joined enthusiastically in a war for emancipation, but white resentment in part of the North created political problems for Lincoln. The Union victories at Vicksburg in the West and Gettysburg in the eastbound finally turned the military tide against the South.Southern resistance remained strong, but the Union victories at battle of Atlanta and Mobile assured Lincolns success in the election of 1864 and ended the last Confederate hopes. The war ended the issues of disunion and slavery, but at a tremendous cost to both North and South. Terms/names/topics Building For War Butternut region power Wheat and King Corn vs. King Cotton Trent Affair (1861) CSS Alabama Charles Francis Adams Laird Rams Southern States Rights Lincolns arbitrary powerhabeas corpus Federal draught power New York draft riots bounty brokers rich mans war but a poor mans fightIncome tax M orrill Tariff Act National Banking System Homestead Act (1862) Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell Clara Barton Dorothea Dix Sally Tompkins Fighting the War On to Richmond Bull Run (Manassas Junction) Stonewall capital of Mississippi Gen. George McClellan The Peninsula Campaign Shenandoah Valley Jeb Stuart Seven Days Battles Total War Blockade running 2nd Battle of Bull Run Gen. John Pope Antietam Emancipation Proclamation 13th Amendment Fort Pillow, Tenn. Gen. A. E. Burnside Fredericksburg, Va. Fighting Joe Hooker Chancellorsville, Va. Gen. George G. Meade Gettysburg, Penn.Gen. George Pickett Ulysses S. Grant Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, Tenn. Battle of Shiloh David G. Garragut Port Hudson Vicksburg battle of Chattanooga Gen. William T. Sherman AtlantaMarch to Savannah Election of 1864 Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War motif Republicans Copperheads Union Party Andrew Johnson Battles in the Wilderness Hampton Roads, Va. Appomattox Courthouse John Wilkes Booth English Reform Bil l (1867) Past APUSH essay questions from this area of study There have been no DBQ or FRQ questions from this area of study. APUSH Study Guide 20Reconstruction, 1865-1877 Historians view William A Dunning, Reconstruction Political and Economic (1907)A view of Reconstruction as a national disgrace. Few episodes of recorded history more urgently invited complete(a) analysis than the struggle through which the southern whites, subjugated by adversaries of their own race, thwarted the scheme which threatened permanent subjection to another race. The most rasping feature of the new situation to the old white element of the South was the large predominance of northerners and negroes in position of political power.The most cunning and malignant enemy of the United States could not have timed differently this period of national ill-repute for it came with the centennial of American independence Kenneth Stamp, The Era of Reconstruction (1965)A favorable view of Reconstruction. Finally, we c ome to the luxurious aim of the radicals to make southern society more democratic, especially to make the emancipation of Negroes something more than an hollow gesture. In the short run this was their greatest failure.Still, no one could quite forget that the 14th and Fifteenth Amendments were now part of the federal Constitution. Thus, Negroes were no longer denied equality by the nude language of law, as they had been before radical reconstruction, but only by coercion, by subterfuge, by deceit, and by spurious legalisms. The blunders of that era, tragic though they were, dwindle into insignificance. For it was worth four years of civil war to yet the Union, it was worth a few years of radical reconstruction to give the American Negro the ultimate promise of equal civil and political rights.Themes/Constructs Johnsons political blunders and southern white recalcitrance led to the imposition of Congressional military Reconstruction on the south. Reconstruction accomplished some good, such as the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, but it left behind a legacy of racial and sectional bitterness. With the Civil War over, the nation faced the difficult problems of rebuilding the South, assisting the freed slaves, reintegrating the southern states into the Union, and deciding who would direct the Reconstruction process.The South was economically devastated and socially diversityized by emancipation. As slaveowners reluctantly confronted the end of slave labor, blacks took their first steps in freedom. Black churches and freedmens schools helped the former slaves begin to shape their own destiny. The new President Andrew Johnson was politically inapt and personally contentious. His attempt to implement a moderate plan of Reconstruction, along the lines originally suggested by Lincoln, beastly victim to Southern whites severe treatment of blacks and his own political blunders.Republicans imposed harsh military Reconstruction on the south after their gains in the 1866 Congressional elections. The Southern states reentered the Union with new radical governments, which be partly on the newly enfranchised blacks, but also had support from some sectors of southern society. These regimes were sometimes corrupt but also implemented important reforms. The divisions between moderate and Radical Republicans meant that Reconstructions aims were often limited and confused, despite the important Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.Embittered whites hated the radical governments and mobilized the Ku Klux Klan to restore white supremacy. Congress impeached Johnson but failed to convict him. In the end, the poorly conceived Reconstruction policy failed disastrously. Terms/names/topics Exodusters Black Baptists churches African Missionary Association Freedmens Bureau 10% PlanLincoln Wade-Davis Bill Radicals Johnsons Reconstruction plans Black Codes Sharecroppers whitewashed rebels Civil Rights Bill Fourteenth Amendment Congressional elections, 1866 Rad icals in the Senate Thaddeus Stevens Moderate Republicans army Reconstruction Act Fifteenth Amendment Ex parte Milligan (1866) scalawags carpetbaggers KKK literacy tests Tenure of Office Act Edwin M. Stanton Past APUSH essay questions from this area of study 1. The unpopular ideas and causes of one period often gain popularity and support in another, but the ultimate price of success is usually the alteration or subversion of the original ideas and programs. For the period 1830-1877, discuss this statement with reference to both (a) the ideas and activities of abolitionism and (b) the policies of the Republican party. (FRQ, 1978). . How do you account for the failure of Reconstruction (1865-1877) to bring social and economic equality of opportunity to the former slaves? (FRQ, 1983) 3. Discuss the political, economic, and social reforms introduced in the South between 1864 and 1877. To what extent did these reforms brave the Compromise of 1877? (FRQ, 1992) 4. In what ways and to wha t extent did constitutional and social developments between 1860 and 1877 amount to a revolution? Use the documents and your knowledge of the period 1860 to 1877 to answer the question. (DBQ, 1996Mr. D has the documents)